干眼是眼表的多因素疾病,以泪膜稳态丧失为特征表现,并伴有眼部症状,发病机制包括泪膜不稳定、泪液高渗透压、眼表炎症与损伤和神经感觉异常[12]。cGVHD-DE临床上主要表现为allo-HSCT术后发作的眼部干燥感、异物感或眼部刺痛,导致明显眼部不适、视力下降、甚至失明。专科检查可发现患者泪液分泌量减少、泪膜破裂时间缩短、睑缘异常、瘢痕性结膜炎、角膜敏感性降低、角膜上皮弥漫点状荧光着色或剥脱、角膜丝状物等。有研究[13]使用泪液蒸发测定法、睑板腺检查、印迹细胞学和角膜敏感性等方法评估cGVHD-DE患者、无干眼症的allo-HSCT术后患者和健康人的眼表和泪液功能改变的基线谱。他们发现所有cGVHD-DE患者的角膜敏感性降低、睑板腺阻塞率增加、杯状细胞密度显著降低。结膜瘢痕形成或上皮下纤维化(conjunctival scarring or subepithelial fibrosis,CSEF)可能是cGVHD对眼表影响的重要标志,可能与眼部GVHD严重程度评估有关,具体还待进一步研究[14]。
3 cGVHD-DE 的诊断和严重程度的评分
美国国立卫生研究院(National Institutes of Health,NIH)于2005年首次提出了眼部GVHD的诊断标准[6]:患者allo-HSCT术后发作的眼表临床症状,如干涩感、异物感等;无表面麻醉的泪液分泌实验(Schirmer I test)≤5 mm或6~10 mm伴角膜荧光色阳性,至少伴有1个其他器官受累,并且必须排除感染或其他原因则可诊断。2014年NIH共识对cGVHD-DE的评分标准[6]见表1,与2005年版NIH共识相比,由眼科医生确诊的无症状干燥性角结膜炎被纳入诊断。更新了关于使用滴眼液要求的评分,评分仅包括润滑剂滴眼液。Schirmer I test不作为评估严重性的标准,已从评分表中移除,因Schirmer I test可能对cGVHD-DE的诊断有用,但由于其与症状改变相关性较差,不能作为随访时评估病情有无好转的标准,所以这些数值对于随访cGVHD-DE无意义。NIH对cGVHD-DE严重程度的分级是基于润滑剂眼药水的使用频率和视功能的损害,它的局限在于既不包括炎症活动,也不包括眼表疾病的程度(眼睑、结膜、角膜的累及),对指导疾病的治疗及真正评估病情的严重性并没有实质性作用。
关于cGVHD-DE的诊断及严重性评分,以下介绍另一种更为实用的国际慢性眼移植物抗宿主病共识组(International Chronic Ocular Graft-Versus-Host-Disease Consensus Group,ICCGVHD)对cGVHD-DE的诊断及评分标准[15](表2,3)。
ICCGVHD评分包括眼表疾病指数(ocular surface disease index,OSDI)、无表面麻醉的Schirmer I test、角膜荧光素染色评分及结膜充血程度。建议的分级系统如表2所示。角膜荧光素染色评分为0~3:0级为无染色,1级为较少染色,2级为轻度/中度染色,3级为严重染色。结膜的结膜充血评分为0~2:0级为无,1级为轻度/中度,2级为严重。每一项高于1分即被视为异常。根据各项参数的总分,疾病严重程度将分为正常(0~4)、轻度/中度(5~8)和严重(9~11,表2)。
表1 2014年NIH共识对慢性眼部GVHD评分标准
Table 1 NIH proposed the severity score criteria for chronic ocular GVHD in 2014
表2 慢性眼部GVHD的严重程度评分(ICCGVHD诊断标准)
Table 2 ICCGVHD proposed the severity score criteria for chronic ocular GVHD
表3 慢性眼部GVHD的诊断(ICCGVHD诊断标准)
Table 3 ICCGVHD proposed the diagnosis of chronic ocular GVHD
CyA是由11个氨基酸组成的环状多肽,是土壤中一种真菌的活性代谢物,自2000年以来已被FDA批准用于治疗干眼症[25]。CyA滴眼液已显示可减少眼表中活化T细胞的数量、增加结膜杯状细胞密度、减少上皮细胞凋亡并减少促炎性细胞因子。在一项针对cGVHD-DE患者的小型研究中,受试者使用0.05%的CyA滴眼液每天2次点眼治疗,使用3个月后,受试者的Schirmer I test评分平均值增加,泪液破裂时间改善和主观症状改善[26]。在另一项仅有16例cGVHD-DE患者(32只眼)的研究中,62.5%的患者眼表症状得到改善,平均随访90天后,所有眼睛的角膜荧光素染色评分都有降低[27]。Malta等[28]报道了一项对105名HSCT患者进行的回顾性研究,证明cGVHD-DE患者早期开始使用局部0.05%的CyA可缓解患者的眼部干燥症状以及可能会减少泪腺中的炎症反应。
1、海南省重点研发计划 (ZDYF2020151);海南省临床医学中心。 This work was supported by the Hainan Key Research and Development Plan (ZDYF2020151) and Hainan Province Clinical Medical Center, China.
参考文献
1、Pi Y, Wang J, Wang Z. Massive pericardial effusion due to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection successfully treated with PD-1 blockade: A case report[ J]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2022, 101(34): e30298.
2、Baumeister SHC, Rambaldi B, Shapiro RM, et al. Key aspects of the immunobiolog y of haploidentical hematopoietic cell transplantation[ J]. Front Immunol, 2020, 11: 191.
3、Justiz VA, Modi P, Mohammadi O. Graft versus host disease[M]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022.
4、Nair S, Vanathi M, Mukhija R, et al. Update on ocular graft-versus-host disease[ J]. Indian J Ophthalmol, 2021, 69(5): 1038-1050.
5、Aki SZ, Inamoto Y, Carpenter PA, et al. Confounding factors affecting the National Institutes of Health (NIH) chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease Organ-Specific Score and global severity[ J]. Bone Marrow Transplant, 2016, 51(10): 1350-1353.
6、Jagasia MH, Greinix HT, Arora M, et al. National Institutes of Health consensus development project on criteria for clinical trials in chronic graft-versus-host disease: I. The 2014 Diagnosis and Staging Working Group report[ J]. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant, 2015, 21(3): 389-401.
7、Zhang CY, Farooq AV, Harocopos GJ, et al. Corneal perforation in ocular graft-versus-host disease[ J]. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep, 2021, 24: 101224.
8、Jeppesen H, Kielsen K, Siersma V, et al. Ocular graft-versus-host disease and dry eye disease after paediatric haematopoietic stem cell transplantation—incidence and risk factors[ J]. Bone Marrow Transplant, 2022, 57(3): 487-498.
9、Jeppesen H, Sengel?v H, Eriksson F, et al. Chronic ocular graft-versushost disease after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in Denmark - factors associated with risks and rates in adults according to conditioning regimen[J]. Bone Marrow Transplant, 2021, 56(1): 144-154.
10、Cooke KR, Luznik L, Sarantopoulos S, et al. The biology of chronic graft-versus-host disease: A task force report from the National Institutes of Health consensus development project on criteria for clinical trials in chronic graft-versus-host disease[ J]. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant, 2017, 23(2): 211-234.
11、Ogawa Y, Kodama H, Kameyama K, et al. Donor fibroblast chimerism in the pathogenic fibrotic lesion of human chronic graft-versus-host disease[ J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2005, 46(12): 4519-4527.
12、Craig JP, Nelson JD, Azar DT, et al. TFOS DEWS II report executive summary[ J]. Ocul Surf, 2017, 15(4): 802-812.
13、Mian SI, De la Parra-Colín P, De Melo-Franco R, et al. Dry eye disease incidence associated with chronic graft-host disease: nonconcurrent cohort study (an American Ophthalmological Society thesis)[ J]. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc, 2015, 113: T11
14、Kusne Y, Temkit M, Khera N, et al. Conjunctival subepithelial fibrosis and meibomian gland atrophy in ocular graft-versus-host disease[ J]. Ocul Surf, 2017, 15(4): 784-788.
15、Ogawa Y, Kim SK, Dana R, et al. International Chronic Ocular Graft-vsHost-Disease (GVHD) Consensus Group: proposed diagnostic criteria for chronic GVHD (Part I)[ J]. Sci Rep, 2013, 3: 3419.
16、Rapoport Y, Freeman T, Koyama T, et al. Validation of International Chronic Ocular Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GVHD) Group diagnostic criteria as a chronic ocular GVHD-specific metric[ J]. Cornea, 2017, 36(2): 258-263.
17、Cocho L, Fernández I, Calonge M, et al. Biomarkers in ocular chronic graft versus host disease: Tear cytokine- and chemokine-based predictive model[ J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2016, 57(2): 746-758.
18、Riemens A, Stoyanova E, Rothova A, et al. Cytokines in tear fluid of patients with ocular graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic stem cell transplantation[ J]. Mol Vis, 2012, 18: 797-802.
19、Nair S, Vanathi M, Mahapatra M, et al. Tear inflammatory mediators and protein in eyes of post allogenic hematopoeitic stem cell transplant patients[ J]. Ocul Surf, 2018, 16(3): 352-367
20、Cocho L, Fernández I, Calonge M, et al. Prehematopoietic stem cell transplantation tear cytokines as potential susceptibility biomarkers for ocular chronic graft-versus-host disease[ J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2017, 58(11): 4836-4846.
21、Lallemand F, Daull P, Benita S, et al. Successfully improving ocular drug delivery using the cationic nanoemulsion, novasorb[ J]. J Drug Deliv, 2012, 2012: 604204.
22、Bing?l K?z?ltun? P, Büyüktepe T?, Yal??nda? FN, et al. Ocular findings of pediatric dry eye related to graft-versus-host disease[ J]. Turk J Ophthalmol, 2021, 51(3): 134-138.
23、Chhabra S, Jerkins JH, Conto JE, et al. Lifitegrast ophthalmic solution for treatment of ocular chronic graft-versus-host disease[ J]. Leuk Lymphoma, 2020, 61(4): 869-874.
24、Yin J, Kheirkhah A, Dohlman T, et al. Reduced efficacy of low-dose topical steroids in dry eye disease associated with graft-versus-host disease[ J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2018, 190: 17-23.
25、Stevenson D, Tauber J, Reis BL. Efficacy and safety of cyclosporin A ophthalmic emulsion in the treatment of moderate-to-severe dry eye disease: a dose-ranging, randomized trial. The Cyclosporin A Phase 2 Study Group[ J]. Ophthalmology, 2000, 107(5): 967-974.
26、Rao SN, Rao RD. Efficacy of topical cyclosporine 0.05% in the treatment of dry eye associated with graft versus host disease[ J]. Cornea, 2006, 25(6): 674-678.
27、Lelli GJ Jr, Musch DC, Gupta A, et al. Ophthalmic cyclosporine use in ocular GVHD[ J]. Cornea, 2006, 25(6): 635-638
28、Malta JB, Soong HK, Shtein RM, et al. Treatment of ocular graft-versushost disease with topical cyclosporine 0.05%[ J]. Cornea, 2010, 29(12):1392-1396.
29、Abud TB, Amparo F, Saboo US, et al. A clinical trial comparing the safety and efficacy of topical tacrolimus versus methylprednisolone in ocular graft-versus-host disease[ J]. Ophthalmology, 2016, 123(7): 1449-1457.
30、Jung JW, Lee YJ, Yoon SC, et al. Long-term result of maintenance treatment with tacrolimus ointment in chronic ocular graft-versus-host disease[ J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2015, 159(3): 519-27.e1.
31、Tekin H G, Eskandarani H A, Iversen L, et al. Immunosuppressive therapy and post-operative wound healing[ J]. Ugeskr Laeger, 2021, 183(1): V07200544.
32、Miyoshi J, Matsuoka K, Inoue N, et al. Mucosal healing with oral tacrolimus is associated with favorable medium- and long-term prognosis in steroid-refractory/dependent ulcerative colitis patients[ J]. J Crohns Colitis, 2013, 7(12): e609-e614
33、Namkoong S, Chung J, Yoo J, et al. Topical tacrolimus does not negatively impact acute skin wound healing[ J]. Exp Dermatol, 2013, 22(5): 369-371.
34、Kogina K, Shoda H, Yamaguchi Y, et al. Tacrolimus differentially regulates the proliferation of conventional and regulatory CD4(+) T cells[ J]. Mol Cells, 2009, 28(2): 125-130.
35、Azari AA, Karadag R , Kanavi MR , et al. Safety and efficacy of autologous serum eye drop for treatment of dry eyes in graft-versushost disease[ J]. Cutan Ocul Toxicol, 2017, 36(2): 152-156.
36、Alio JL, Arnalich-Montiel F, Rodriguez AE. The role of “eye platelet rich plasma” (E-PRP) for wound healing in ophthalmology[ J]. Curr Pharm Biotechnol, 2012, 13(7): 1257-1265.
37、Barnett M, Courey C, Fadel D, et al. CLEAR—Scleral lenses[ J]. Cont Lens Anterior Eye, 2021, 44(2): 270-288.
38、Chaudhary S, Chatterjee S, Jain N, et al. Scleral contact lenses for optimal visual recovery in a case of severe acid burn with total lagophthalmos[ J]. BMJ Case Rep, 2022, 15(7): e248384.
39、Schornack MM, Fogt J, Nau A, et al. Scleral lens prescription and management practices: Emerging consensus[ J/OL]. Cont Lens Anterior Eye, 2021, Epub ahead of print
40、Tan DT, Pullum KW, Buckley RJ. Medical applications of scleral contact lenses: 1. A retrospective analysis of 343 cases[ J]. Cornea, 1995, 14(2): 121-129
41、Farhat B, Sutphin JE. Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty for acanthamoeba keratitis complicating the use of Boston scleral lens[ J]. Eye Contact Lens, 2014, 40(1): e5-e7.
42、Fernandes M, Sharma S. Polymicrobial and microsporidial keratitis in a patient using Boston scleral contact lens for Sjogren's syndrome and ocular cicatricial pemphigoid[ J]. Cont Lens Anterior Eye, 2013, 36(2): 95-97.
43、阳雪, 李莹. 弹性软硅胶泪点塞治疗对重度干眼的短期疗效及对患者心理状况影响的研究[ J]. 中华眼科杂志, 2018, 54(6): 437-444.
YANG Xue, LI Ying. The short-term efficacy and psycological influence of elastic silicon punctal plugs on severe dry eye patients[ J]. Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology, 2018, 54(6): 437-444.
44、Javate RM, Dy IE, Buyucan KF, et al. Retention rates and benefits of Painless Punctal Plug F(TM) in dry eye patients[ J]. Orbit, 2016, 35(3): 126-131.
45、Er vin AM, Law A , Pucker AD. Punctal occlusion for dr y eye syndrome[ J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2017, 6(6): CD006775.
46、Tong J, Hu R, Zhao Y, et al. Serum vitamin A levels may affect the severity of ocular graft-versus-host disease[ J]. Front Med (Lausanne), 2017, 4: 67.
47、Pezzotta S, Del Fante C, Scudeller L, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of autologous platelet lysate drops for treatment of ocular GvHD[ J]. Bone Marrow Transplant, 2017, 52(1): 101-106.
48、Pezzotta S, Del Fante C, Scudeller L, et al. Autologous platelet lysate for treatment of refractory ocular GVHD[ J]. Bone Marrow Transplant, 2012, 47(12): 1558-1563.
49、Bernardo ME, Cometa AM, Locatelli F. Mesenchymal stromal cells: a novel and effective strategy for facilitating engraftment and accelerating hematopoietic recovery after transplantation?[ J]. Bone Marrow Transplant, 2012, 47(3): 323-329.
50、Bassi EJ, Aita CA, Camara NO. Immune regulatory properties of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells: Where do we stand?[ J]. World J Stem Cells, 2011, 3(1): 1-8.
52、Weng J, He C, Lai P, et al. Mesenchymal stromal cells treatment attenuates dry eye in patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease[ J]. Mol Ther, 2012, 20(12): 2347-2354.
53、Ogawa Y, He H, Mukai S, et al. Heavy chain-hyaluronan/pentraxin 3 from amniotic membrane suppresses inflammation and scarring in murine lacrimal gland and conjunctiva of chronic graft-versus-host disease[ J]. Sci Rep, 2017, 7: 42195.
54、Ogawa Y, Razzaque MS, Kameyama K, et al. Role of heat shock protein 47, a collagen-binding chaperone, in lacrimal gland pathology in patients with cGVHD[ J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2007, 48(3): 1079-1086.
55、Yamakawa T, Ohigashi H, Hashimoto D, et al. Vitamin A-coupled liposomes containing siRNA against HSP47 ameliorate skin fibrosis in chronic graft-versus-host disease[ J]. Blood, 2018, 131(13): 1476-1485.
56、Marinelli Busilacchi E, Costantini A, Mancini G, et al. Nilotinib treatment of patients affected by chronic graft-versus-host disease reduces collagen production and skin fibrosis by downmodulating the TGF-β and p-SMAD pathway[ J]. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant, 2020, 26(5): 823-834.
57、Le Huu D, Matsushita T, Jin G, et al. IL-6 blockade attenuates the development of murine sclerodermatous chronic graft-versus-host disease[ J]. J Invest Dermatol, 2012, 132(12): 2752-2761.
58、Ogawa Y, Dogru M, Uchino M, et al. Topical tranilast for treatment of the early stage of mild dry eye associated with chronic GVHD[ J]. Bone Marrow Transplant, 2010, 45(3): 565-569.
59、Yamane M, Sato S, Shimizu E, et al. Senescence-associated secretory phenotype promotes chronic ocular graft-vs-host disease in mice and humans[ J]. FASEB J, 2020, 34(8): 10778-10800.