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Global pattern, trend, and cross-country inequality of blindness and vision impairment: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

阅读量：446
DOI：10.12419/es25030602
发布日期：2025-09-20
作者：
郭潇 #,陈志斐 #,熊坤 #,姚经纬 ,黄子轩 ,龚夏 ,黄家琪 ,黄文勇 ,刘恬 ,黄文敏
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关键词

Global Burden of Disease
blindness
visual impairment

摘要

Background: Blindness and vision impairment (BVI) continue to pose significant global public health challenges, disproportionately impacting vulnerable populations and further widening socioeconomic disparities. This study conducts a comprehensive evaluation of the global burden of BVI and the socioeconomic inequalities in its distribution from 1990 to 2021, aiming to provide insights for targeted intervention strategies. Methods: Using data from Global Burden of Disease 2021, this study performed a multiscale analysis of BVI burden, examining patterns at the global, regional and national levels. We quantified the disease burden using disability-adjusted life years DALY and prevalence rates. Temporal trends were analyzed by calculating estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC). Stratified assessments were carried out by sex and age group across 21 regions and 204 countries. The study also included comparative analyses of six major eye conditions and evaluated their associations with socio-demographic index (SDI). Results: Globally, the age-standardized prevalence of BVI increased from 12,453.52 per million (95% UI: 10,287.58-15,226.09) in 1990 to 15,784.33 per million (12,761.44-19,502.32) in 2021, with an EAPC of 1.09% (95% UI: 0.97-1.20). During this period, global DALYs attributable to BVI increased by 37.7%. Disease trends exhibited significant divergence, with near vision loss showing the steepest increase (EAPC: 1.47%), while the prevalence of glaucoma declined (EAPC: -0.73%). Geographic disparities were pronounced, with substantial improvements observed in Equatorial Guinea (EAPC: -1.75) and worsening burdens in Benin (+0.54). Disease distribution demonstrated strong regional clustering, with near vision loss being predominant in Sub-Saharan Africa (64.47%) and East Asia (50.97%), while cataract was the most common condition in Oceania (33.86%). Females consistently bore a higher burden, particularly in South Asia (646.3 vs 563.2 DALYs). Moreover, we identified a strong inverse correlation between SDI and BVI burden (ρ=-0.772 for DALYs). Conclusions: This study highlights the severe global burden of BVI and the significant cross-country inequality, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. It emphasizes the urgent need for targeted interventions and the integration of eye care into universal health policies to promote global health equity in the post-pandemic era.

全文

HIGHLIGHTS

· Global blindness and vision impairment (BVI) have continued to rise from 1990 to 2021, with widening disparities across regions, sexes, and socioeconomic levels. The burden is highest in low-SDI settings and disproportionately affects women, particularly in South Asia.
· Using Global Burden of Disease 2021 data, we applied age–sex stratified, multi-scale analyses across 204 countries and 21 regions. Temporal trends were quantified with estimated annual percentage change (EAPC), integrating prevalence, DALYs, and SDI correlations.
· Findings call for targeted interventions in low- and middle-income countries, prioritizing women and vulnerable populations. Integrating eye care into universal health coverage is essential to reduce inequities and improve global vision health.

INTRODUCTION

Blindness and vision impairment (BVI) impact approximately 2.2 billion people across the globe, imposing a considerable burden on individuals, their households, communities, and societies as a whole[1, 2]. The World Report on Vision 2023 points out that the effects of BVI are particularly severe in low- and middle-income countries. These cross-country disparities not only diminish individuals’ quality of life and life expectancy but also impede progress towards achieving several sustainable development goals[3, 4]. Recently, the World Health Organization's directive to incorporate eye care into the framework of universal health coverage has highlighted the necessity for a thorough assessment of national disparities in the burden of BVI and an explanation of the root causes behind these disparities.

The persistent regional disparities in eye health warrant scholarly focus, especially amid emerging global challenges. While countries with medium and low Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) levels had managed to achieve notable reductions in blindness rates by 2019, newly emerging risk factors—particularly the widespread use of digital devices—pose a threat to reversing these trends[5]. Excessive screen time, which has become a defining feature of modern work, education, and leisure activities, has been associated with digital eye strain, the progression of myopia, and dry eye syndrome[6, 7]. Moreover,  the aging of the global population —with one-third of the world’s population projected to be over 60 years old by 2030—combines with sedentary lifestyles and reduced time spent outdoors, further increasing the risks for age-related eye diseases[8]. These evolving trends highlight the urgent need for up-to-date epidemiological data[9].

The objective of this study is to offer fresh insights into global disparities in major BVI by utilizing data from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 (GBD). This research aims to estimate the disease burden of BVI at global, regional, and national scales. Furthermore, we analyzed disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 204 countries and territories, with the data segmented by age group and sex from 1990 to 2021. Additionally, we investigated the influence of SDI on DALY values.

METHOD

Data sources

This study conducts a secondary analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study. It assesses health losses attributable to 369 diseases and injuries across 204 countries and territories, with the data stratified by age and sex[10]. The GBD employs a comprehensive meta-regression framework for data analysis, presenting a variety of interconnected indicators that collectively offer a detailed evaluation of disease burden[11]. These indicators encompass prevalence and DALYs. The latter quantifies the overall disease burden by representing the number of years of healthy life lost due to illness. Specifically, DALYs gauge the disparity between an individual’s current health status and an ideal health status, in which the individual attains life expectancy without experiencing disease or disability.

To evaluate the burden of BVI, we extracted prevalence estimates along with their 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), with a particular focus on conditions classified under the GBD etiological code B.10.1. The analysis encompassed data on the prevalence and DALYs for conditions including glaucoma, cataract, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), uncorrected refractive disorders (URD), near vision loss, and other types of vision loss. These data were stratified by age group and sex across various regions for the period from 1990 to 2021. The information was obtained from the Global Health Data Exchange for the GBD 2021 study (https://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-2021). Additionally, SDI was used as a comprehensive indicator of a country’ s or region’s development status. It combines data on per capita income, educational attainment, and fertility rates into a single value ranging from 0 to 1, with higher values indicating greater levels of development[12].

Data analysis

This study covered three geographical scales, namely global, regional, and national levels, and incorporated several key methodological elements. First, we computed multiple burden metrics, including total DALYs per 100,000 population, crude DALY rates, and age-standardized DALY rates. Additionally, we used the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) to analyze trends in VI. This was done by fitting linear regression models to the natural logarithm of ASRs, where the slope coefficient (β) indicates the annual trend. An upward trend was identified when both the EAPC value and the lower bound of its 95% CI were greater than 0. Conversely, a downward trend was determined when both values were less than 0 for both prevalence and DALY metrics. We conducted comprehensive descriptive analyses by stratifying the data in detail according to sex (male/female), 5-year age groups, and geographical regions (national and GBD regional levels). To examine disease-specific burden patterns, we employed multiple visualization techniques: choropleth maps were used to show the national-level distributions of both standardized and non-standardized DALY rates and prevalence; grouped bar charts were utilized to compare disease prevalence and DALY proportions across 21 GBD regions; horizontal stacked bar charts illustrated gender-specific DALY rates for BVI and major eye diseases by region in 2021; and scatter plots analyzed the relationship between age-standardized DALY rates and SDI values across 204 countries and territories. All statistical analyses and visualizations were carried out using JD_GBDR_V2.06.1, R software (version 4.2.2; R Foundation for Statistical Computing), and Python 3.6, with the aid of key libraries such as pandas and matplotlib.pyplot for data manipulation and graphical representation. The multi-platform approach ensured robust computation of burden metrics and facilitated sophisticated geospatial and temporal visualizations.

RESULTS

Overview of  BVI burdens

The age-standardized prevalence of BVI rose from 12453.52 (95% UI: 10,287.58-15,226.09) per million in 1990 to 15784.33 (12,761.44-19,502.32) per million in 2021, with an EAPC of 1.09% (95% CI: 0.97%-1.20%) (Table 1). Correspondingly, the DALYs rate for BVI increased by 37.7% over the same period. In 1990, it was 268.4 (184.0-381.4) per 100,000 population, and in 2021, it reached 369.6 (241.2-543.9) per 100,000 population (Figure 1, Supplementary Table 1). There was a modest annual increase in the DALYs rate, with an EAPC of 0.14% (95% CI: 0.08-0.19) (Supplementary Table 2). Age-standardized DALYs showed a more gradual increase, rising by 0.2% increase (Supplementary Table 1). When examining disease-specific trends, divergent patterns emerged. Near vision loss exhibited the most significant increase in prevalence, with an EAPC of 1.47%. In contrast, the prevalence of glaucoma declined significantly, with an EAPC of -0.73% (Figure 2). Other conditions, such as AMD and refraction disorders, showed slight decreases in prevalence (Table 1). The maps of DALY rates and prevalence rates indicated similar geographical distributions between 1990 and 2021 (Supplementary Figure 1).

Table 1 Age-standardized prevalence rates for BVI and different eye diseases from 1990 to 2021

 

Age-standardized Prevalence rates

 

1990 (million)

2019 (million)

2021 (million)

EAPC (1990-2021)

EAPC (2019-2021)

BVI

12453.52 (10287.58-15226.09)

15558.7 (12578.24-19253.26)

15784.33 (12761.44-19502.32)

1.09 (0.97-1.2)

0.72 (-0.5-1.96)

Cataract

1145.05 (1022.69-1278.12)

1173.18 (1039.68-1323.84)

1181.01 (1044.47-1334.29)

0.21 (0.12-0.31)

0.33 (-0.75-1.43)

Glaucoma

116.29 (100.81-136.3)

94.15 (81.14-110.29)

90.12 (77.78-105.49)

-0.73 (-0.78--0.69)

-2.16 (-3.25--1.06)

AMD

99.5 (83.16-118.04)

94.25 (78.43-114.5)

94 (78.32-114.42)

-0.26 (-0.31--0.22)

-0.13 (-2.47-2.26)

Near vision loss

9788.66 (7371.64-12888.27)

13157.06 (9949.15-17190.03)

13436.18 (10223.45-17585.84)

1.47 (1.32-1.62)

1.06 (-0.55-2.68)

Refraction disorders

2053.56 (1835.31-2275.8)

1937.25 (1729.93-2152.53)

1919.66 (1715.24-2135.28)

-0.24 (-0.27--0.21)

-0.46 (-0.97-0.06)

Other vision loss

507.89 (452.94-568.05)

459.49 (407.44-516.66)

454.75 (402.01-511.73)

-0.39 (-0.42--0.36)

-0.52 (-1.2-0.18)

BVI, Blindness and vision loss; AMD, Age-related Macular Degeneration, EAPC, estimated annual percentage change

Regional variations in disease prevalence

Global analyses uncovered distinct geographical patterns in the burden of vision impairment (Figure 2). Supplementary Table 3-4 display the age-standardized DALY rates across 21 regions and 204 countries/territories. Among them, Equatorial Guinea (EAPC: -1.75, 95% CI: -1.84 to -1.65) and Saudi Arabia (EAPC: -1.66, 95% CI: -1.71 to -1.61) demonstrated the most significant declines in BVI DALY rates from 1990 to 2021. In contrast, Côte d'Ivoire (EAPC: +0.62) and Benin (EAPC: +0.54) experienced the largest increases (Supplementary Table 5). The distribution of disease showed strong regional clustering. Near vision loss accounted for 64.47% of cases in Central Sub-Saharan Africa and 50.97% in East Asia. Cataract was responsible for 33.86% of burden in Oceania and 28.25% in South Asia. Uncorrected refractive disorders (URD) made up 31.71% of cases in Southern Latin America and 28.69% in North Africa/Middle East. Other types of vision loss constituted 21.46% of cases in the Caribbean and 21.17% in Eastern Europe. Glaucoma (6.63%) and AMD (7.24%) exhibited focal prevalence in High-income Asia Pacific and Western Europe, respectively (Supplementary Figure 2, Supplementary Table 7-8).

Disease burden across gender and age group

Figure 3 illustrates the age-stratified trends in DALYs due to vision impairment from 1990 to 2021. The results reveal significant differences across age groups: the group 95 years and above showed a consistent downward trend in DALYs, whereas the cohort aged 45-50 years exhibited a pronounced upward trend. Distinct patterns of fluctuation were noted in both under 5 years old and young adults aged 20-24 years. On a global scale, females bore a higher BVI burden than males, especially in South Asia, where the DALY rate for females was 646.3 (95% CI:436.7-920.8) compared to 563.2 (95% CI:377.1-807.9) for males. Similar disparities were observed in Southern Sub-Saharan Africa (females:485.6 [305.6-746.6]; males: 462.8 [294.7-706.4]). In contrast, High-income North America had the lowest BVI DALY rates (139.5 [86.9-217.7]). There were some notable exceptions to these general trends. For instance, cataract was more prevalent among males in Andean/Central Latin America, and glaucoma consistently showed a male-predominant pattern. AMD was predominantly male only in Southern Latin America, with a DALY rate of 3.0 (95% CI:1.9-4.2) for males compared to 2.6 (95% CI:1.7-3.7) for females (Supplementary Table 9-10, Supplementary Figure 3).

SDI and BVI burdens correlation

Figure 4 reveals a robust inverse relationship between SDI and the burden of vision impairment. Specifically, when considering age-standardized DALYs, the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient is ρ=-0.772, and for prevalence, ρ=-0.599. Regions with a high SDI demonstrated significantly lower DALYs rates. For example, High-income North America had a DALY rate of 134.1 (95% CI:83.8-206.9), and High-income Asia Pacific had a rate of 156.0 (95% CI:97.1-239.0). In contrast, low-SDI regions, such as South Asia, had a much higher DALY rate of 605.3 (95% CI:407.0-862.3). This pattern of a higher burden in low-SDI areas was also evident at the national level. Low-SDI countries like India (632.2 [421.0-912.8]) and Pakistan (589.4 [427.1-802.3]) carried a burden that was 3-5 times greater than that of high-SDI nations. For instance, Sweden had a DALY rate of 118.2 (95% CI: 71.5-187.7), and Canada had a rate of 126.3 (95% CI:78.5-194.4). Analyses focusing on specific diseases further confirmed consistent presence of socioeconomic gradients in vision impairment burden (Supplementary Table 11-12, Supplementary Figure 4).

Figure 1 Maps about age-standardized DALYs rates and age-standardized prevalence rates for BVI in 1990 and 2021

Figure 1 Maps about age-standardized DALYs rates and age-standardized prevalence rates for BVI in 1990 and 2021

Figure 2 Sub-group analysis of the global burden of blindness and vision loss, 1990 vs 2021

Figure 2 Sub-group analysis of the global burden of blindness and vision loss, 1990 vs 2021
(A) Sex-specific age-standardized rates (per 100,000 people) of prevalence and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 1990 and 2021, (B) age-specific rates (per 100,000 people) of prevalence and DALYs across 5-year age groups in 1990 and 2021, (C) age-standardized rates (per 100,000 people) of prevalence and DALYs by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile for males, females, and both sexes in 1990 and 2021, and (D) age-standardized rates (per 100,000 people) of prevalence and DALYs by Global Burden of Disease (GBD) super-regions in 1990 and 2021. Error bars represent 95% uncertainty intervals.

Figure 3 Temporal trends and socio-demographic disparities in blindness and vision loss globally, 1990-2021

Figure 3 Temporal trends and socio-demographic disparities in blindness and vision loss globally, 1990-2021
(A) Age-specific annual prevalence and DALY rates, (B) Age-standardized prevalence and DALY rates by SDI quintile and sex.

Figure 4 Inverse relationship between Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and the burden of blindness and vision loss by Global Burden of Disease (GBD) super-regions, 1990 – 2021

Figure 4 Inverse relationship between Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and the burden of blindness and vision loss by Global Burden of Disease (GBD) super-regions, 1990 – 2021
(A) SDI versus age-standardized prevalence rate (per 100,000) of blindness and vision loss (Spearman ρ= –0.599, p < 0.001), (B) SDI versus age-standardized DALY rate (per 100,000) of blindness and vision loss (Spearman ρ = –0.772, p < 0.001)

DISCUSSION

This study provides an updated perspective on global inequality, revealing that the global burden of disease associated with blindness and visual impairment is escalating on an annual basis. There remain substantial disparities in eye health. The overall DALY rate for BVI increased from 1990 to 2021. A regional analysis indicates that South Asia has a significantly higher age-standardized DALY rate for BVI, while high-income North America has the lowest. Moreover, in the economic correlation analysis concerning the overall burden of eye health a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the SDI value was observed. These persistent regional inequalities highlight the urgent necessity for eye care programs, policies, research, and practices. These initiatives should not only focus on addressing regional equity but also develop interventions that explicitly model the relationships, collaborations, and practices required to reduce the BVI burden. Such interventions should be based on data-driven insights from different regions[13].

This study enhances the analysis of regional inequalities in the burden of blindness and BVI by integrating data from 2021 and introducing the EAPC metric. In contrast, previous studies exclusively relied on absolute changes for their assessments. The long-term over the period from 1990 to 2021 (EAPC=1.09) substantiates the ongoing increase in BVI burden. This result is in line with prior findings but offers a more precise quantification[5]. Notably, our pioneering calculation of short-term EAPC for the period 2019-2021(EAPC=0.72) suggests a potential stabilization of the BVI burden. However, given the wide confidence interval, a cautious interpretation is warranted due to possible data fluctuations that can occur over such a short time span Moreover, significant regional disparities continue to exist. When examining age-standardized data, it becomes evident that the overall BVI burden is higher in South Asia and Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa, while it is lower in high-income Asia-Pacific and high-income North America. In light of thesnderscores the urgent need for improvements in human resources and service delivery[18]. As a result, there is an immediate need for regional interventions. These intervente findings, future public health policies and eye health interventions should give top priority to addressing regional income-related inequalities in eye health. Additionally, efforts should focus on developing higher-quality and more targeted interventions for BVI.

This finding highlights the potential of well-crafted health policies to effectively alleviate regional disease burdens. Specifically, near-vision loss was found to be notably widespread in Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa, whereas cataracts posed a more significant problem in South Asia. These conditions have a profound impact on the health and quality of life of affected populations[14, 15]. However, the ability to tackle these issues in Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa is severely hampered by limitations in research time, funding, and the availability of relevant skills[16].This high disease  burden in this region is further compounded by a scarcity of healthcare resources and a substantial shortage of refractive services[17]. This situation uions should include strengthened governmental oversight, clinical regulation of refraction and eyewear dispensing, and the introduction of standardized training programs for refractive care[19, 20]. Such measures are designed to address existing disparities and enhance eye health in these regions. By giving priority to these targeted interventions, it is feasible to reduce the significant burden of near vision loss and cataracts. This, in turn, ultimately improve the quality of life and health outcomes for affected populations in the regions with the highest needs[21].

It is crucial to take into account the impact of economic factors on disease burden, as emphasized in the current study. The study revealed that countries with higher SDI values generally exhibited lower levels of disease burden. Notably, countries with moderate and low-moderate SDIs have been especially successful in reducing the burden of BVI. This reduction can be ascribed to the rapid development of these nations and the effective implementation of universal eye care programs, which have received support from the World Health Organization (WHO) over the past few decades. For instance, all 193 WHO Member States have officially pledged to invest in eye care. The vast majority of them have set up VISION 2020 committees and formulated national eye care plans[22]. In Zambia, the Eye Health Strategic Plan 2012-2015 has outlined five key goals[23]. In Nepal, collaboration among professional s from the governmental, nongovernmental, and private sectors has facilitated the delivery of eye care services[24]. Moreover, the SDI analysis indicated that age-standardized DALY rates were most severe in India and Pakistan. This finding underscore critical areas where interventions are urgently needed to address disparities in visual health.

The SDI analysis disclosed that India and Pakistan had the highest age-standardized DALY rates for BVI. In India, this high disease burden is mainly attributed to the fact that disadvantaged and marginalized groups are more prone to visual impairments or blindness and have limited access to eye care service[25, 26]. Moreover, it is alarming that over 90% of glaucoma cases in India remain undiagnosed[27]. Given India's large and rapidly aging population[28], it is of utmost importance to strengthen public health policies focused on blindness prevention and improving access to the diagnosis and treatment of BVI. To tackle these challenges, we suggest implementing policies aimed at enhancing the capacity for early detection and treatment of ocular diseases. Strengthening eye health education and the prevention of blindness and vision loss should also be integral parts of these initiatives. Such strategic improvements are vital for reducing the substantial disease burden and enhancing overall public health outcomes in the region. In Pakistan, where the eye care system lacks cohesion and is notably decentralized[29], adopting a structured approach to developing an eye care pathway is crucial for improving the effectiveness and sustainability of services. We recommend implementing a step-by-step strategy to establish a comprehensive framework for eye care, using scientifically validated tools such as the WHO Eye Care Situation Analysis Tool. This tool provides a solid framework covering six key areas: leadership and governance, financing, health workforce, service delivery, access to essential medicines, and health information systems. By systematically addressing these components, Pakistan can upgrade its eye care infrastructure, ensuring better health outcomes and more efficient service delivery throughout the country.

We used the latest GBD 2021 data to carry out a detailed evaluation of regional inequalities at the local, national, and global scales. This all-encompassing analysis is intended to provide insights for public health policy by drawing attention to disparities that require targeted interventions. However, these data are subject to several limitations. Firstly, there may be structural flaws in the data. These include inconsistencies in the criteria used for including patients with blinding eye diseases, as well as differences in diagnostic rates and treatment approaches across various countries and regions. Secondly, the influence of other biases, especially those associated with socioeconomic conditions, cannot be ignored. These biases could substantially impact regional disparities in the burden of blinding eye diseases. Furthermore, the data analysis methods and statistical models used might have limitations in fully explaining regional differences in disease burden. For instance, they may not adequately consider potential confounding factors and interaction effects that could sway the results. It is crucial that these complex concepts be consistently and properly taken into account throughout the research process[30].

CONCLUSION

This study concludes that the overall burden of BVI continues to be severe, with a disproportionate share of this burden falling on low- and middle-income countries. From the perspective of regional inequalities, the obstacles to implementing the “Universal eye health: a global action plan” are clearly apparent. There is an urgent imperative to tackle these widespread and long-standing health disparities, especially those that impact vulnerable groups such as women, the elderly, and individuals living in under-resourced regions. Efforts should be focused on countries and regions with a high BVI burden, aiming to improve access to health services. Additionally, it is essential to lay a solid foundation for policy development, ensuring that eye care becomes an integral part of universal health coverage.

Abbreviations and Acronyms

BVI = Blindness and vision impairment; VI = vision impairment; GBD = Global Burden of Disease; SDI = Socio-demographic index; DALYs = disability-adjusted life years; EAPC = estimated annual percentage changes; UIs = uncertainty intervals; AMD = age-related macular degeneration; URD = uncorrected refractive disorders

Correction Notice

None

Acknowledgments

We sincerely thank the team at the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) for the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study data.

Author Contributions

(I) Conception and design: Xiao Guo, Jingwei Yao
(II) Administrative support: Wenyong Huang
(III) Provision of study materials or patients: Tian Liu, Wenmin Huang
(IV) Collection and assembly of data: Zhifei Chen, Kun Xiong
(V) Data analysis and interpretation: Xiao Guo, Jingwei Yao
(VI) Manuscript writing: All authors
(VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors

Funding

This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82000901, 82171084)

Conflict of Interests

None of the authors has any conflicts of interest to disclose. authors have declared in the completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form.

Patient Consent for Publication

None

Ethics Statement

None

Provenance and Peer Review

This article was a standard submission to our journal. The article has undergone peer review with our anonymous review system.

Data Sharing Statement

None

Open Access Statement

This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license).

Suppplementary Data

Supplementary Figure 1 Maps of DALY Rates and Prevalence Rates for BVI Across All Ages in 1990 and 2021

Supplementary Figure 1: Maps of DALY Rates and Prevalence Rates for BVI Across All Ages in 1990 and 2021

Supplementary Figure 2 Prevalence and DALYs proportions for specific eye diseases across 21 regions between 1990 and 2021, showing variations in disease patterns

Supplementary Figure 2: Prevalence and DALYs proportions for specific eye diseases across 21 regions between 1990 and 2021, showing variations in disease patterns.

Supplementary Figure 3 Age-standardized DALYs rates for BVI and major eye diseases by gender in 21 regions in 2021

Supplementary Figure 3: Age-standardized DALYs rates for BVI and major eye diseases by gender in 21 regions in 2021

Supplementary Figure 4 Age-standardized DALYs rates for BVI and major eye diseases in 21 regions and 204 countries in 2021 correlated with SDI values

Supplementary Figure 4: Age-standardized DALYs rates for BVI and major eye diseases in 21 regions and 204 countries in 2021 correlated with SDI values

Supplementary Table 1 Changes in DALYs number, crude DALY rates and age-standardized DALY rates for BVI and different eye diseases from 1990 to 2021

 

DALY

Crude DALY rates

Age-standardized DALY rates

 

1990

2021 (million)

Difference

Change

1990

2021

Difference

Change

1990

2021

Difference

Change (%)

(million)

(%)

(/100 000)

(/100 000)

(%)

(/100 000)

(/100 000)

BVI

14.3

29.2

14.9

104.20%

268.4

369.6

101.2

37.70%

342

342.8

0.8

0.20%

(9.8-20.3)

(19.0-42.9)

(184.0-381.4)

(241.2-543.9)

(237.9-482.2)

(224.2-503.6)

Glaucoma

0.5

0.8

0.3

60.00%

8.8

9.6

0.8

9.10%

13.4

9.1

-4.3

-32.10%

(0.3-0.6)

(0.5-1.0)

(6.1-12.2)

(6.7-13.3)

(9.4-18.5)

(6.3-12.5)

Cataract

3.4

6.6

3.2

94.10%

64.1

83.1

19

29.60%

91.1

77

-14.1

-15.50%

(2.5-4.5)

(4.7-8.8)

(46.4-85.2)

(60.0-111.6)

(66.3-120.4)

(55.6-103.5)

Other vision loss

1.8

3

1.2

66.70%

33.4

38.1

4.7

14.10%

42.9

35.3

-7.6

-17.70%

(1.3-2.4)

(2.1-4.1)

(23.6-45.4)

(27.2-51.6)

(30.6-58.1)

(25.4-47.9)

AMD

0.3

0.6

0.3

100.00%

5.7

7.3

1.6

28.10%

8.4

6.8

-1.6

-19.00%

(0.2-0.4)

(0.4-0.8)

(3.9-7.9)

(5.1-10.1)

(5.7-11.5)

(4.7-9.3)

RD

4

6.6

2.6

65.00%

75.5

83.9

8.4

11.10%

88

79.1

-8.9

-10.10%

(2.8-5.8)

(4.6-9.5)

(52.9-109.0)

(58.3-120.7)

(62.2-125.2)

(54.9-114.1)

Near vision loss

4.3

11.6

7.3

169.80%

80.9

147.6

66.7

82.40%

98.3

135.5

37.2

37.80%

(1.9-8.4)

(5.2-22.4)

(36.3-157.7)

(66.1-284.1)

(44.1-191.0)

(60.8-260.4)

BVI, Blindness and vision loss; DALYs, disability-adjusted life years; AMD, Age-related Macular Degeneration; RD, refraction disorder.

Supplementary Table 2 Global DALYs EAPC for Blindness & Vision Impairment

 

EAPC

 

1990-2021

2019-2021

Overall

0.14 (0.08-0.19)

0.02 (-1.28-1.34)

Country

Andean Latin America

-0.77 (-0.8 - -0.75)

-0.42 (-0.49 - -0.36)

Australasia

-0.11 (-0.13 - -0.09)

-0.21 (-0.56 - 0.15)

Caribbean

-0.45 (-0.47 - -0.44)

-0.44 (-0.63 - -0.26)

Central Asia

-0.36 (-0.38 - -0.34)

-0.26 (-0.31 - -0.21)

Central Europe

-0.23 (-0.25 - -0.21)

-0.22 (-0.29 - -0.15)

Central Latin America

-0.38 (-0.44 - -0.32)

-1.65 (-2.99 - -0.3)

Central Sub-Saharan Africa

-0.08 (-0.11 - -0.05)

-0.16 (-0.26 - -0.05)

East Asia

0.43 (0.27 - 0.58)

1.27 (-4.07 - 6.9)

Eastern Europe

0.31 (0.2 - 0.42)

-0.62 (-0.84 - -0.39)

Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa

-0.32 (-0.34 - -0.29)

-0.63 (-0.63 - -0.63)

High SDI

0.04 (0.01 - 0.08)

-0.65 (-0.92 - -0.38)

High-income Asia Pacific

-0.2 (-0.21 - -0.18)

-0.01 (-0.07 - 0.05)

High-income North America

0.3 (0.2 - 0.41)

-3.32 (-6.71 - 0.2)

High-middle SDI

0.28 (0.21 - 0.35)

0.66 (-2.16 - 3.57)

Low SDI

-0.24 (-0.29 - -0.2)

-0.41 (-0.79 - -0.03)

Low-middle SDI

-0.46 (-0.51 - -0.41)

-0.49 (-0.96 - -0.03)

Middle SDI

-0.01 (-0.09 - 0.06)

-0.01 (-1.9 - 1.93)

North Africa and Middle East

-0.69 (-0.71 - -0.66)

-0.33 (-0.82 - 0.16)

Oceania

-0.36 (-0.43 - -0.3)

-0.6 (-0.85 - -0.35)

South Asia

-0.34 (-0.41 - -0.27)

-0.33 (-0.85 - 0.21)

Southeast Asia

-0.79 (-0.82 - -0.76)

-0.49 (-0.5 - -0.48)

Southern Latin America

-0.31 (-0.33 - -0.3)

-0.26 (-0.29 - -0.23)

Southern Sub-Saharan Africa

-0.07 (-0.16 - 0.02)

-0.82 (-2.04 - 0.41)

Tropical Latin America

-0.17 (-0.31 - -0.04)

-0.49 (-0.54 - -0.44)

Western Europe

-0.28 (-0.3 - -0.26)

-0.17 (-0.24 - -0.1)

Western Sub-Saharan Africa

-0.21 (-0.26 - -0.16)

-0.41 (-0.45 - -0.37)

Sex

Female

0.22 (0.16-0.28)

-0.01 (-1.3-1.3)

Male

0.02 (-0.03-0.08)

0.02 (-1.28-1.35)

Age

<5 years

-0.2 (-0.23--0.18)

-0.1 (-0.15--0.06)

10-14 years

-0.23 (-0.25--0.21)

-0.5 (-0.6--0.41)

15-19 years

-0.24 (-0.28--0.21)

-0.56 (-0.62--0.5)

20-24 years

-0.11 (-0.15--0.07)

-0.33 (-0.47--0.18)

25-29 years

0.08 (0.04-0.11)

0.27 (-0.17-0.71)

30-34 years

0.61 (0.5-0.72)

-0.08 (-0.22-0.06)

35-39 years

1.13 (0.96-1.3)

-0.98 (-1.45--0.52)

40-44 years

1.14 (0.98-1.29)

-0.39 (-0.41--0.36)

45-49 years

0.97 (0.83-1.12)

0.02 (-0.64-0.68)

5-9 years

-0.21 (-0.23--0.19)

-0.43 (-0.5--0.36)

50-54 years

0.7 (0.6-0.81)

0.24 (-1.01-1.5)

55-59 years

0.33 (0.24-0.42)

0.65 (-0.96-2.29)

60-64 years

0.04 (-0.03-0.11)

0.51 (-1.3-2.36)

65-69 years

-0.09 (-0.18-0)

0.24 (-2.05-2.6)

70-74 years

-0.2 (-0.29--0.11)

-0.27 (-1.96-1.45)

75-79 years

-0.27 (-0.31--0.23)

0.06 (-1.92-2.08)

80-84 years

-0.37 (-0.43--0.31)

-0.36 (-2.31-1.64)

85-89 years

-0.56 (-0.61--0.5)

-0.15 (-1.87-1.59)

90-94 years

-0.66 (-0.7--0.62)

-0.09 (-1.58-1.41)

95+ years

-0.65 (-0.67--0.62)

-0.62 (-1.55-0.31)

Disease Subgroups

Age-related macular degeneration

-0.94 (-1.01--0.88)

0.75 (0.08-1.43)

Blindness and vision loss

0.14 (0.08-0.19)

0.02 (-1.28-1.34)

Cataract

-0.48 (-0.58--0.38)

-0.42 (-2.25-1.45)

Glaucoma

-1.23 (-1.27--1.19)

-1.58 (-1.96--1.19)

Near vision loss

1.5 (1.34-1.65)

0.99 (-0.58-2.6)

Other vision loss (internal)

-0.69 (-0.73--0.64)

-0.7 (-1.72-0.33)

Refraction disorders

-0.36 (-0.4--0.32)

-0.75 (-1.36--0.13)

Supplementary Table 3 ASR DALY Rate in 21 Region for the Years 1990 and 2021

ASR DALY rate

BVI

Cataract

Glaucoma

AMD

 

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Andean Latin America

392.6
(265.3-573.7)

408.2
(273.1-590.8)

96.6
(68.2-131.3)

88.5
(62.9-119.5)

15.7
(10.8-22.1)

12.5
(8.2-17.6)

6.3
(4.4-9.1)

9.3
(6.3-12.7)

Australasia

149.6
(93.6-226.0)

161.8
(100.5-247.4)

19.4
(13.6-26.0)

19.7
(14.0-26.7)

5.3
(3.6-7.6)

4.6
(3.1-6.3)

2.8
(1.8-4.0)

4.5
(2.9-6.4)

Caribbean

267.3
(183.7-387.5)

328.2
(207.6-493.2)

41.7
(29.0-56.9)

43.4
(30.1-59.0)

16.3
(11.0-22.8)

12.2
(8.0-17.2)

1.7
(1.1-2.4)

1.8
(1.2-2.6)

Central Asia

285.4
(196.3-414.4)

300.3
(205.9-433.9)

60.1
(42.2-82.1)

66.9
(46.9-91.0)

14.7
(9.9-20.9)

9.6
(6.5-13.6)

2.8
(1.9-4.0)

6.1
(4.1-8.4)

Central Europe

150.0
(97.5-221.7)

166.9
(105.7-254.7)

19.0
(13.2-26.0)

19.4
(13.7-26.7)

4.4
(3.0-6.1)

3.0
(2.1-4.1)

4.0
(2.7-5.5)

4.1
(2.8-5.7)

Central Latin America

333.3
(227.0-482.4)

354.1
(234.8-519.7)

66.4
(46.8-88.8)

60.5
(42.7-81.3)

13.4
(9.3-18.0)

9.6
(6.6-12.7)

3.8
(2.6-5.2)

3.9
(2.6-5.3)

Central Sub-Saharan Africa

293.2
(176.5-472.2)

351.4
(213.0-565.5)

23.3
(16.3-31.9)

30.0
(20.9-40.8)

15.6
(10.7-21.6)

13.8
(9.6-19.1)

1.7
(1.1-2.3)

2.3
(1.5-3.3)

East Asia

294.9
(183.3-464.0)

340.3
(215.6-529.1)

45.6
(32.6-61.9)

61.0
(44.0-82.3)

5.3
(3.6-7.4)

4.3
(3.0-6.0)

6.1
(4.3-8.5)

7.8
(5.4-10.9)

Eastern Europe

286.7
(179.2-443.5)

330.2
(205.7-510.4)

25.4
(18.0-34.5)

31.1
(21.9-42.5)

8.5
(5.9-11.5)

6.1
(4.2-8.3)

1.7
(1.1-2.3)

2.1
(1.4-2.9)

Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa

346.8
(246.1-479.8)

400.0
(281.5-552.0)

110.5
(79.1-147.3)

134.1
(97.2-178.8)

32.0
(22.3-44.1)

25.3
(17.6-34.7)

9.3
(6.3-13.1)

12.7
(8.3-17.9)

High-income Asia Pacific

151.9
(96.4-229.0)

160.0
(98.8-250.4)

16.8
(11.8-22.9)

17.4
(12.3-23.8)

7.6
(5.2-10.4)

4.9
(3.4-6.7)

1.9
(1.3-2.7)

2.0
(1.3-2.8)

High-income North America

128.1
(80.4-195.6)

139.5
(86.9-217.7)

15.4
(11.0-20.8)

17.5
(12.5-23.4)

5.5
(3.8-7.6)

3.9
(2.7-5.2)

2.1
(1.4-2.8)

2.9
(2.0-4.1)

North Africa and Middle East

356.8
(249.5-503.6)

418.2
(290.1-593.8)

85.6
(60.4-115.5)

112.3
(80.6-149.9)

27.3
(18.5-37.9)

19.4
(13.2-26.7)

12.1
(8.2-16.8)

16.0
(10.9-22.3)

Oceania

353.3
(243.8-510.2)

396.6
(272.6-567.4)

146.8
(105.2-197.5)

175.7
(128.0-233.4)

11.6
(7.7-16.4)

9.7
(6.4-13.7)

2.3
(1.5-3.3)

3.5
(2.2-5.1)

South Asia

563.2
(377.1-807.9)

646.3
(436.7-920.8)

173.7
(126.1-231.1)

212.2
(155.8-280.4)

14.2
(9.9-19.5)

9.6
(6.8-13.1)

8.0
(5.5-11.2)

8.5
(5.9-11.7)

Southeast Asia

336.8
(233.2-483.6)

381.6
(266.8-545.8)

113.6
(81.7-154.4)

145.4
(105.5-195.3)

7.7
(5.2-10.4)

6.4
(4.4-8.8)

5.3
(3.6-7.6)

6.2
(4.2-8.7)

Southern Latin America

192.8
(125.2-284.2)

202.5
(129.1-303.6)

30.2
(21.3-41.5)

30.4
(21.5-41.9)

6.8
(4.7-9.6)

5.3
(3.5-7.3)

3.0
(1.9-4.2)

2.6
(1.7-3.7)

Southern Sub-Saharan Africa

462.8
(294.7-706.4)

485.6
(305.6-746.6)

78.0
(54.5-103.3)

87.2
(61.3-115.6)

31.5
(21.8-43.7)

19.4
(13.4-26.8)

2.6
(1.8-3.7)

3.7
(2.5-5.2)

Tropical Latin America

382.1
(259.8-553.8)

427.3
(282.8-623.7)

64.9
(46.4-86.6)

71.1
(50.6-94.7)

18.2
(12.7-24.9)

13.8
(9.6-18.6)

3.3
(2.3-4.6)

5.3
(3.7-7.3)

Western Europe

162.4
(106.5-236.3)

183.4
(119.8-274.5)

22.4
(15.9-30.8)

26.2
(18.5-36.0)

8.4
(5.8-11.6)

6.4
(4.4-9.0)

6.8
(4.6-9.3)

9.7
(6.5-13.1)

Western Sub-Saharan Africa

423.6
(297.0-596.4)

473.4
(332.0-663.4)

132.0
(95.1-179.3)

167.8
(121.8-225.6)

37.8
(26.0-52.1)

27.8
(19.2-37.9)

12.8
(9.0-17.9)

16.4
(11.6-22.7)

Supplementary Table 4 DALY Rate and Prevalence Rate of BVI Across All Ages in 204 Countries and Territories for the Years 1990 and 2021

 

DALY rate

Prevalence rate

 

1990

2021

1990

2021

Afghanistan

419.1
(298.2-579.0)

217.4
(150.8-307.1)

11018.2
(9309.0-13246.7)

7340.9
(6083.5-9107.5)

Albania

124.5
(81.8-180.1)

239.5
(156.3-359.1)

5617.5
(4551.3-6911.7)

11133.1
(8901.9-14011.8)

Algeria

271.1
(188.1-378.8)

321.7
(221.5-459.5)

8629.3
(7333.7-10367.3)

11953.4
(9856.8-14670.3)

American Samoa

168.1
(108.7-251.1)

266.6
(167.8-403.3)

7754.6
(6251.5-9779.2)

13127.7
(10524.7-16763.3)

Andorra

165.6
(107.3-244.4)

232.4
(149.7-353.4)

7966.8
(6358.2-9984.2)

11613.0
(9272.1-14829.9)

Angola

225.3
(142.1-346.4)

197.0
(120.0-317.1)

12056.5
(9274.6-15879.1)

11828.4
(9048.0-15617.2)

Antigua and Barbuda

267.2
(178.8-392.6)

292.7
(184.3-451.2)

11890.9
(9632.0-14775.2)

15519.4
(12115.4-19833.1)

Argentina

214.4
(141.4-313.4)

231.6
(150.2-342.8)

9111.7
(7433.0-11336.6)

10428.3
(8488.0-13010.9)

Armenia

262.3
(178.3-378.0)

388.1
(263.3-569.8)

9867.0
(8208.1-12031.4)

15303.0
(12503.7-18826.9)

Australia

172.1
(108.8-258.5)

214.7
(136.8-322.2)

8725.3
(6867.9-11163.0)

10866.7
(8564.0-13738.3)

Austria

221.4
(149.6-326.3)

250.9
(166.9-375.1)

10104.6
(8071.1-12701.1)

11959.3
(9492.8-15452.7)

Azerbaijan

236.2
(160.4-344.1)

283.2
(189.0-413.2)

8781.3
(7353.3-10681.4)

11626.2
(9485.9-14369.7)

Bahamas

201.2
(128.6-300.5)

269.5
(167.2-413.1)

9981.4
(8041.6-12637.5)

14413.0
(11262.0-18658.3)

Bahrain

213.2
(143.4-303.4)

250.5
(163.3-370.4)

7858.2
(6449.4-9954.7)

11050.5
(8702.0-14350.8)

Bangladesh

252.9
(177.5-350.4)

365.1
(251.3-515.9)

7892.4
(6598.6-9693.7)

13133.8
(10733.1-16348.7)

Barbados

207.4
(125.5-328.7)

266.7
(154.0-439.2)

12736.2
(9901.8-16266.0)

17590.6
(13565.3-22856.7)

Belarus

299.8
(202.7-436.7)

358.3
(235.4-534.6)

12558.1
(10275.6-15585.0)

15895.0
(12816.3-20003.9)

Belgium

224.2
(151.4-329.2)

251.1
(168.0-371.5)

10156.6
(8127.9-12787.0)

11806.4
(9383.2-15232.0)

Belize

190.9
(128.3-277.8)

216.3
(137.0-324.7)

8282.7
(6763.3-10194.5)

11023.5
(8736.0-14014.5)

Benin

173.1
(116.2-252.6)

200.5
(135.8-288.9)

7735.6
(6041.8-10053.4)

8360.0
(6634.9-10845.8)

Bermuda

295.1
(189.2-437.7)

431.8
(274.0-647.9)

14340.6
(11360.3-18190.1)

21494.1
(17044.0-27491.0)

Bhutan

175.7
(116.0-260.0)

263.2
(167.3-401.1)

7882.8
(6212.3-10171.5)

13140.4
(10192.4-17102.7)

Bolivia
(Plurinational State of)

282.9
(191.3-409.3)

332.0
(220.5-481.5)

10720.3
(8753.5-13254.3)

14266.2
(11456.7-17879.2)

Bosnia and Herzegovina

213.7
(129.5-339.1)

344.3
(209.8-553.7)

12431.9
(9680.8-16091.6)

20469.4
(16002.7-26220.7)

Botswana

263.5
(175.2-390.7)

301.7
(191.2-463.2)

11991.2
(9362.4-15688.5)

16300.5
(12402.7-21878.4)

Brazil

330.3
(222.8-473.1)

449.8
(299.6-655.9)

13239.4
(10758.7-16601.2)

19386.7
(15588.6-24365.6)

Brunei Darussalam

110.6
(70.8-166.5)

143.7
(87.3-226.9)

5186.4
(4109.8-6567.3)

7778.9
(5941.7-10431.3)

Bulgaria

206.7
(133.8-311.9)

271.8
(176.0-413.5)

10015.6
(8006.7-12702.8)

13308.5
(10657.3-17140.4)

Burkina Faso

127.9
(87.7-181.1)

159.7
(111.3-225.1)

5037.5
(4013.0-6291.9)

5459.7
(4453.9-6768.7)

Burundi

119.3
(76.5-181.4)

108.1
(68.0-167.9)

6452.8
(5017.9-8068.8)

6283.2
(4826.1-8083.5)

Cabo Verde

258.8
(180.2-361.7)

269.5
(174.8-403.1)

9794.0
(7922.5-12141.3)

12859.6
(10067.3-16652.6)

Cambodia

304.9
(219.4-425.6)

313.6
(222.8-442.0)

7308.9
(6384.4-8482.7)

9451.4
(8105.9-11123.9)

Cameroon

176.7
(116.8-262.0)

161.0
(103.9-242.4)

8289.4
(6533.0-10679.9)

8322.2
(6435.6-10931.9)

Canada

144.2
(90.4-217.9)

186.7
(119.1-280.9)

7361.7
(5696.3-9441.5)

9383.5
(7307.0-12034.7)

Central African Republic

166.4
(95.1-289.8)

181.4
(105.3-308.2)

11997.3
(9111.2-15806.5)

12558.8
(9468.7-16986.7)

Chad

233.8
(156.9-337.7)

184.2
(119.9-276.9)

10367.8
(8140.5-13400.9)

8987.4
(7042.2-11753.8)

Chile

186.5
(122.4-270.7)

240.3
(154.2-356.2)

7988.1
(6564.6-9941.6)

11272.9
(9076.1-14293.0)

China

217.7
(146.2-317.5)

457.2
(284.2-721.5)

9646.0
(7719.2-12032.4)

25079.2
(19290.1-32361.3)

Colombia

268.3
(183.1-385.9)

404.0
(263.9-599.9)

10762.7
(9720.8-12133.8)

17956.2
(14559.2-22279.0)

Comoros

238.0
(157.3-355.1)

293.2
(185.9-451.7)

11431.6
(9090.8-14445.2)

15359.5
(12058.8-19355.8)

Congo

230.7
(142.0-366.1)

245.2
(147.0-402.2)

12750.5
(10008.7-16466.1)

15032.0
(11482.8-20013.0)

Cook Islands

264.1
(183.0-378.2)

418.3
(280.1-610.0)

9949.2
(8144.2-12410.3)

17622.7
(14323.0-22004.7)

Costa Rica

243.1
(163.4-352.3)

351.5
(229.6-511.9)

10113.1
(8314.6-12615.0)

15791.0
(12774.9-19582.3)

Croatia

184.6
(118.9-272.9)

263.2
(176.6-394.8)

8552.5
(6942.8-10559.2)

12106.1
(9596.0-15063.5)

Cuba

355.7
(244.6-510.6)

490.2
(334.3-717.8)

13601.1
(11137.7-16781.6)

20146.5
(16254.6-25316.2)

Cyprus

169.5
(112.4-251.3)

200.9
(129.8-303.6)

7874.3
(6282.1-9997.3)

9965.2
(7830.7-12699.6)

Czechia

191.1
(127.6-281.5)

243.9
(161.6-367.7)

8552.6
(6967.7-10557.7)

11373.0
(9189.4-14193.9)

Coted’Ivoire

128.5
(76.8-206.8)

203.1
(133.3-304.9)

8019.8
(6161.4-10706.8)

9796.2
(7690.4-12981.8)

Democratic People's Republic of Korea

183.8
(103.6-313.6)

243.8
(133.5-428.9)

12234.1
(9364.9-16401.6)

17138.3
(12930.8-22468.7)

Democratic Republic of the Congo

157.1
(88.0-272.4)

167.3
(93.8-288.1)

11594.3
(8808.1-15253.6)

12253.8
(9286.2-16488.1)

Denmark

227.0
(151.4-332.1)

251.0
(166.9-371.2)

10262.2
(8187.4-12970.3)

11805.1
(9302.2-15115.2)

Djibouti

166.2
(112.8-238.1)

194.8
(130.5-286.0)

6611.9
(5265.4-8386.6)

8605.1
(6786.4-10987.9)

Dominica

253.8
(170.4-372.1)

304.7
(195.3-457.0)

11206.8
(9074.3-13770.0)

15300.1
(12073.7-19390.9)

Dominican Republic

236.9
(159.0-340.2)

302.4
(199.8-440.0)

9593.8
(7926.8-11917.4)

13263.6
(10737.3-16450.4)

Ecuador

233.9
(153.6-343.9)

306.8
(197.3-460.9)

10578.3
(8502.8-13176.6)

14913.2
(11886.3-18768.2)

Egypt

249.4
(172.0-354.5)

278.3
(185.6-405.9)

8878.0
(7917.7-9971.6)

11095.7
(8986.0-13726.5)

El Salvador

318.7
(219.8-449.5)

384.2
(263.7-557.8)

10598.2
(8948.3-12709.7)

14629.0
(12129.7-17904.2)

Equatorial Guinea

350.3
(241.1-490.0)

214.5
(132.5-334.3)

13085.2
(10310.6-16839.2)

12176.7
(9200.8-16288.7)

Eritrea

198.2
(136.9-275.8)

201.4
(137.9-286.7)

6711.3
(5355.9-8437.3)

7741.7
(6256.1-9885.4)

Estonia

214.8
(144.9-314.8)

284.4
(193.9-414.3)

9507.9
(7667.6-11987.7)

12783.4
(10085.8-16335.2)

Eswatini

228.4
(147.9-339.2)

248.8
(157.4-386.1)

10959.2
(8496.2-14453.6)

13573.0
(10385.6-18072.2)

Ethiopia

207.6
(143.0-288.5)

219.7
(152.6-306.2)

7241.0
(5810.3-9111.7)

7819.8
(6286.4-9869.8)

Fiji

206.7
(139.6-297.8)

276.2
(184.2-406.5)

8254.2
(6734.2-10405.3)

12034.5
(9653.9-15151.7)

Finland

210.9
(140.0-309.6)

260.6
(172.8-387.8)

9741.3
(7756.7-12365.2)

12487.3
(9906.8-15962.3)

France

200.6
(136.8-291.9)

243.6
(163.7-358.5)

9157.9
(7240.0-11666.2)

11479.8
(8964.9-14872.7)

Gabon

273.7
(173.4-420.8)

253.9
(152.8-414.5)

14133.5
(11212.7-18013.3)

15329.3
(11812.2-19704.9)

Gambia

194.6
(131.4-278.6)

194.9
(129.2-285.6)

7998.7
(6375.1-10218.9)

8717.9
(6922.6-11353.7)

Georgia

354.9
(244.8-517.3)

453.4
(311.7-661.5)

14278.9
(12619.1-15851.8)

17544.0
(14421.8-21667.6)

Germany

223.1
(148.5-330.0)

262.8
(173.5-393.5)

10505.8
(8302.7-13298.8)

12622.9
(9875.3-16135.3)

Ghana

153.0
(99.1-225.4)

195.5
(126.0-285.2)

7248.8
(5810.3-9319.2)

8734.5
(7043.2-11195.4)

Greece

221.6
(147.9-323.5)

290.9
(196.5-424.6)

9939.2
(7935.8-12614.0)

13070.9
(10508.3-16687.7)

Greenland

109.6
(67.9-167.3)

150.4
(92.6-231.0)

5791.7
(4362.8-7681.0)

8144.4
(6180.6-10690.4)

Grenada

270.9
(187.6-388.3)

281.7
(178.9-428.4)

10949.1
(8965.7-13557.5)

14481.2
(11351.1-18564.2)

Guam

192.7
(122.2-289.8)

364.9
(237.5-538.4)

9003.9
(7241.0-11392.6)

16327.1
(13137.1-20433.3)

Guatemala

252.1
(172.4-356.1)

316.3
(214.5-455.7)

8865.9
(7381.6-10838.6)

12153.5
(10056.0-14948.8)

Guinea

248.3
(170.6-350.3)

208.8
(141.2-301.0)

9559.0
(7591.3-12145.1)

8641.5
(6831.7-11174.3)

Guinea-Bissau

192.5
(130.0-277.9)

182.1
(120.6-270.0)

8057.1
(6387.6-10329.1)

8251.4
(6470.6-10847.3)

Guyana

192.0
(126.1-280.0)

236.4
(149.4-357.3)

8738.8
(7052.0-11017.3)

12179.1
(9572.7-15516.3)

Haiti

213.9
(144.8-308.5)

208.7
(136.6-308.0)

8904.8
(7199.6-11197.2)

9967.2
(7813.2-12882.8)

Honduras

215.1
(145.1-306.9)

242.0
(157.3-353.3)

8633.8
(7153.6-10636.2)

11083.4
(9000.2-13834.9)

Hungary

225.5
(158.5-323.6)

268.6
(184.6-395.8)

8610.6
(7088.8-10635.4)

11118.3
(9045.2-13868.9)

Iceland

183.1
(123.7-268.4)

219.3
(145.9-323.8)

7913.9
(6397.1-9842.3)

10176.5
(8229.6-12852.6)

India

414.9
(291.6-577.7)

555.1
(359.9-815.8)

12633.5
(10404.3-15475.7)

24915.1
(19684.9-31002.8)

Indonesia

270.2
(185.0-384.2)

343.5
(229.9-503.3)

9865.7
(8000.2-12349.9)

15041.9
(11728.7-19334.5)

Iran
(Islamic Republic of)

281.9
(198.0-390.7)

410.1
(290.6-569.5)

7652.8
(6571.2-8959.3)

12488.7
(10447.6-15335.8)

Iraq

253.9
(178.3-354.1)

246.9
(167.4-357.4)

7983.4
(6714.0-9484.5)

9799.0
(8046.0-12158.0)

Ireland

178.7
(118.8-264.3)

208.8
(135.7-310.2)

8053.2
(6471.7-10045.8)

10185.8
(8177.1-12917.5)

Israel

162.6
(108.2-238.9)

182.9
(120.3-273.9)

7258.4
(5848.2-9058.5)

8551.6
(6899.7-10687.5)

Italy

356.5
(249.5-505.4)

427.0
(299.5-615.9)

12442.3
(10206.8-15448.9)

15930.8
(12783.0-19941.7)

Jamaica

238.0
(158.8-349.6)

289.0
(184.2-433.1)

10529.1
(8603.9-12894.5)

14322.4
(11409.1-18106.3)

Japan

198.5
(124.1-304.6)

300.5
(200.2-449.9)

10685.3
(8202.2-14036.0)

14782.5
(11563.1-18869.2)

Jordan

177.8
(119.5-253.8)

217.6
(141.5-320.2)

6994.0
(5769.8-8629.9)

9802.4
(7880.2-12426.5)

Kazakhstan

247.0
(170.0-351.7)

260.2
(175.3-375.4)

9169.2
(7705.3-10998.4)

10591.4
(8719.5-12934.7)

Kenya

217.4
(150.2-302.0)

217.6
(145.8-319.3)

7882.9
(6347.7-9908.6)

9568.6
(7600.7-12324.3)

Kiribati

196.0
(132.6-285.5)

204.2
(132.3-303.6)

8092.3
(6589.9-9977.7)

9415.7
(7509.9-12072.5)

Kuwait

195.2
(130.7-285.7)

253.4
(164.5-377.7)

7768.8
(6307.5-9814.9)

11481.4
(9016.1-15146.8)

Kyrgyzstan

211.6
(145.3-303.0)

200.7
(134.1-292.5)

8102.3
(6709.0-9863.8)

8539.0
(6893.5-10546.5)

Lao People's Democratic Republic

141.5
(97.6-200.0)

148.1
(98.1-216.1)

5223.8
(4376.8-6228.0)

6206.8
(5142.1-7493.0)

Latvia

326.3
(215.8-477.2)

435.2
(290.1-647.1)

14370.3
(11725.4-17865.5)

19319.1
(15556.9-24293.2)

Lebanon

351.5
(250.3-491.1)

398.1
(283.0-567.7)

10053.0
(9077.9-11189.1)

13399.3
(11295.0-16050.4)

Lesotho

317.8
(214.8-456.5)

291.1
(190.9-437.5)

13645.8
(10645.4-17361.2)

14749.0
(11508.2-19390.9)

Liberia

231.8
(160.8-323.9)

179.5
(116.4-266.6)

8833.2
(7091.0-11173.8)

8833.2
(6809.7-11640.2)

Libya

270.3
(189.6-377.6)

316.2
(216.6-454.8)

8268.0
(6976.9-9928.7)

12176.0
(9823.6-15621.1)

Lithuania

293.1
(197.3-428.2)

417.5
(282.3-612.8)

12462.5
(10188.1-15343.6)

18041.1
(14519.0-22615.3)

Luxembourg

211.3
(139.9-311.4)

214.4
(138.1-321.2)

9808.0
(7757.0-12335.8)

10573.8
(8487.4-13443.9)

Madagascar

162.4
(108.5-233.8)

140.8
(90.7-212.8)

7029.3
(5679.0-8639.7)

7101.9
(5647.1-9030.5)

Malawi

179.2
(128.1-244.3)

143.9
(100.9-201.9)

4758.9
(3980.7-5669.9)

4672.0
(3898.2-5607.4)

Malaysia

232.7
(166.5-316.0)

248.0
(175.7-344.8)

5419.1
(4775.0-6147.2)

7090.8
(6147.4-8157.8)

Maldives

160.2
(110.0-224.1)

190.4
(127.0-276.9)

5542.6
(4650.9-6629.7)

8066.1
(6600.8-10152.7)

Mali

221.7
(157.2-305.9)

186.2
(132.0-259.0)

6686.0
(5419.6-8422.1)

6083.5
(4934.8-7694.3)

Malta

184.9
(121.8-274.2)

263.3
(175.6-391.7)

8460.9
(6723.3-10776.2)

12353.1
(9819.2-16141.4)

Marshall Islands

153.3
(102.8-221.4)

197.6
(125.2-301.7)

6372.0
(5263.4-7832.6)

9797.9
(7774.5-12548.6)

Mauritania

280.9
(185.0-419.8)

254.1
(161.8-392.6)

13061.5
(10295.7-16585.5)

13465.0
(10554.6-17260.6)

Mauritius

241.9
(170.1-340.4)

378.1
(262.8-537.8)

7761.8
(6627.2-9177.6)

13415.8
(11321.1-16240.5)

Mexico

225.6
(157.4-317.3)

324.7
(216.1-474.0)

8010.3
(6690.8-9782.6)

14021.4
(11279.8-17462.3)

Micronesia
(Federated States of)

188.6
(129.1-273.3)

228.9
(146.5-344.6)

7531.3
(6226.0-9193.3)

10782.1
(8581.7-13620.1)

Monaco

288.8
(197.0-426.9)

294.6
(196.2-431.9)

12996.0
(10235.9-16604.2)

13841.6
(10999.1-17642.0)

Mongolia

211.1
(146.8-298.0)

235.5
(159.9-338.9)

6962.2
(5866.6-8252.8)

9080.3
(7478.2-11015.5)

Montenegro

160.5
(102.5-240.3)

216.9
(138.0-328.2)

7759.0
(6337.2-9684.4)

10754.0
(8504.4-13693.9)

Morocco

274.2
(186.4-395.9)

344.0
(225.8-514.5)

11239.6
(9121.2-13967.6)

15938.6
(12756.4-20112.0)

Mozambique

206.3
(144.1-288.3)

167.3
(115.2-236.4)

7360.5
(5890.0-9175.2)

6685.5
(5319.0-8395.1)

Myanmar

308.1
(218.4-416.3)

324.0
(231.0-449.2)

6669.5
(5873.2-7490.8)

8500.0
(7436.5-9821.0)

Namibia

247.5
(164.3-367.4)

255.9
(162.4-392.6)

11200.0
(8769.4-14602.2)

13472.0
(10325.9-18112.9)

Nauru

173.5
(115.1-253.8)

176.4
(112.3-265.6)

7569.5
(6131.5-9516.7)

8452.3
(6759.8-10726.4)

Nepal

291.8
(195.1-423.3)

406.1
(256.3-626.6)

12470.3
(9885.3-15900.4)

21663.8
(17875.8-24923.0)

Netherlands

183.4
(119.1-274.6)

226.1
(145.6-342.4)

8986.0
(6997.3-11501.1)

11636.1
(9192.9-15204.6)

New Zealand

191.5
(121.9-282.8)

223.5
(142.3-339.5)

9486.4
(7521.5-12001.6)

11577.3
(9082.2-14739.4)

Nicaragua

225.3
(154.2-322.0)

291.5
(194.5-424.6)

8415.0
(6991.3-10340.0)

12333.4
(10089.5-15415.0)

Niger

215.1
(140.4-324.5)

233.1
(150.6-352.1)

10596.2
(8273.4-13930.7)

11907.5
(9810.9-14205.6)

Nigeria

306.1
(214.1-430.3)

244.9
(165.9-349.1)

10591.3
(8513.9-13390.6)

9791.4
(7843.3-12579.0)

Niue

326.7
(225.8-474.1)

352.9
(228.4-523.2)

12526.2
(10371.7-15211.8)

16212.0
(13203.5-20392.3)

North Macedonia

161.5
(105.2-237.0)

212.2
(135.6-324.1)

7489.4
(6058.3-9364.4)

10586.9
(8431.5-13449.9)

Northern Mariana Islands

151.4
(94.9-230.6)

298.7
(188.8-458.9)

7668.6
(6010.3-10177.6)

14840.3
(11627.8-19218.0)

Norway

216.4
(141.1-326.8)

231.5
(147.8-351.8)

10819.5
(8544.9-13827.3)

12013.9
(9496.7-15487.6)

Oman

282.7
(196.4-397.5)

306.9
(205.5-437.8)

8612.3
(7392.1-10346.4)

10651.5
(8885.7-13299.4)

Pakistan

335.9
(242.4-457.9)

325.3
(230.6-447.5)

8335.6
(7084.6-10030.1)

9016.2
(7450.8-11187.5)

Palau

220.3
(145.9-323.7)

340.1
(215.1-519.4)

9637.3
(7831.7-11920.9)

16779.1
(13117.7-21653.1)

Palestine

242.1
(169.7-338.1)

214.5
(143.3-314.4)

7807.6
(6616.2-9348.5)

8855.2
(7281.3-11048.0)

Panama

312.3
(214.7-447.1)

381.8
(262.4-552.9)

11075.1
(9132.8-13443.7)

14868.7
(12217.4-18335.7)

Papua New Guinea

220.3
(150.1-313.1)

219.6
(147.7-319.9)

8189.5
(6744.8-10052.8)

8925.3
(7313.5-11198.2)

Paraguay

309.0
(208.8-444.7)

341.0
(220.5-500.2)

11925.4
(9834.6-14594.6)

15255.6
(12345.6-18965.4)

Peru

345.1
(237.0-488.2)

415.3
(278.4-601.6)

11922.7
(9840.1-14511.0)

16484.5
(13440.4-20446.1)

Philippines

272.6
(175.8-405.2)

349.0
(220.1-533.9)

13237.3
(10543.7-16702.5)

17762.3
(13979.7-22561.1)

Poland

191.5
(122.6-289.9)

270.9
(175.3-413.1)

9462.9
(7522.8-11849.5)

13496.1
(10574.8-17301.4)

Portugal

215.2
(145.6-318.6)

285.2
(191.8-421.4)

9534.0
(7624.2-11951.8)

13130.0
(10301.7-16784.7)

Puerto Rico

281.0
(182.6-418.1)

434.6
(284.0-654.2)

13323.7
(10662.7-16581.1)

21086.6
(16760.7-26762.9)

Qatar

191.0
(126.8-282.5)

189.8
(119.6-288.3)

7401.1
(5889.5-9635.9)

8842.5
(6730.8-11942.5)

Republic of Korea

152.3
(99.4-222.3)

237.7
(151.1-365.6)

6992.1
(5535.1-9061.2)

12257.1
(9563.2-15994.1)

Republic of Moldova

301.6
(207.5-435.0)

446.1
(304.1-643.7)

11207.1
(9247.2-13593.8)

16790.4
(13904.0-20598.3)

Romania

193.8
(126.7-289.1)

274.8
(181.9-415.6)

8853.7
(7172.8-11098.7)

12752.1
(10298.5-16294.4)

Russian Federation

384.2
(248.2-578.1)

509.0
(314.1-795.2)

17840.2
(14338.6-22193.6)

26804.5
(21053.5-33513.0)

Rwanda

142.1
(94.5-210.0)

144.2
(91.9-220.5)

6541.5
(5168.9-8173.9)

7671.8
(6015.4-9725.4)

Saint Kitts and Nevis

270.5
(185.9-392.5)

293.9
(182.4-449.7)

11444.6
(9163.2-14220.5)

15707.9
(12046.2-20272.3)

Saint Lucia

213.7
(142.5-315.7)

327.3
(207.2-495.7)

9704.6
(7933.0-11986.1)

16667.7
(13037.2-21240.0)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

222.7
(150.8-326.9)

313.3
(202.6-461.6)

9738.5
(7874.5-11963.6)

15360.8
(12164.9-19346.8)

Samoa

189.0
(125.7-276.4)

211.8
(136.0-318.4)

7955.8
(6489.9-9753.8)

9825.1
(7932.7-12209.7)

San Marino

209.0
(139.2-309.7)

275.6
(184.1-406.9)

9710.1
(7735.3-12323.0)

12848.9
(10238.0-16356.4)

Sao Tome and Principe

267.2
(185.6-377.5)

224.1
(147.5-328.1)

9412.3
(7623.8-11595.2)

10257.4
(8048.0-13262.3)

Saudi Arabia

392.0
(278.2-530.8)

319.2
(219.2-452.0)

8865.5
(7627.3-10589.0)

10914.8
(8815.1-14136.3)

Senegal

238.4
(168.8-330.9)

223.8
(155.2-318.6)

7717.7
(6208.0-9561.8)

8610.0
(6881.6-10962.0)

Serbia

187.2
(119.4-280.9)

251.5
(166.2-382.3)

8817.6
(7039.7-11079.7)

12020.3
(9494.1-15199.8)

Seychelles

298.4
(213.5-422.5)

310.5
(211.3-443.6)

8945.3
(7632.5-10522.0)

11643.5
(9698.7-14189.1)

Sierra Leone

218.4
(147.8-313.5)

184.6
(122.3-274.1)

9007.6
(7169.2-11504.0)

8718.9
(6852.3-11452.3)

Singapore

171.6
(110.5-255.6)

240.4
(154.2-357.6)

7775.1
(6176.7-9980.6)

11556.4
(9128.1-14979.7)

Slovakia

166.8
(113.4-242.6)

218.1
(146.2-327.2)

7186.3
(6075.6-8396.0)

9522.3
(7634.0-11886.0)

Slovenia

203.4
(128.8-311.2)

296.6
(189.2-452.8)

10475.3
(8297.5-13189.6)

15401.4
(12037.4-19684.4)

Solomon Islands

173.3
(116.3-250.4)

187.3
(122.5-277.3)

7005.8
(5719.8-8666.4)

8399.6
(6807.8-10588.7)

Somalia

132.1
(88.0-192.5)

121.0
(81.0-180.5)

5903.2
(4616.0-7673.4)

5723.2
(4434.8-7418.6)

South Africa

368.2
(227.5-575.3)

453.3
(273.7-731.5)

21501.6
(16828.6-27824.1)

28926.1
(22544.9-36535.9)

South Sudan

234.8
(167.5-324.8)

181.0
(123.8-258.3)

7492.8
(6142.4-9057.2)

7355.4
(5886.4-9170.7)

Spain

356.0
(250.9-500.4)

447.2
(317.7-632.8)

11278.9
(9427.0-13760.8)

14593.4
(12099.4-17821.1)

Sri Lanka

252.6
(174.4-359.4)

365.8
(248.5-528.0)

8832.3
(7476.3-10512.2)

13815.1
(11568.7-16631.4)

Sudan

302.4
(214.7-415.6)

224.0
(153.7-319.1)

8271.8
(6910.4-9878.3)

8218.5
(6793.1-10224.3)

Suriname

262.8
(177.4-374.7)

331.3
(222.5-483.4)

10610.0
(8596.1-13147.7)

14697.6
(11758.3-18376.7)

Sweden

173.9
(105.5-272.5)

192.0
(119.0-301.4)

10414.6
(7796.6-13861.0)

11446.2
(8659.8-15104.8)

Switzerland

209.9
(140.2-307.4)

243.8
(159.5-367.6)

9903.1
(7871.1-12460.6)

11809.2
(9363.3-15090.1)

Syrian Arab Republic

240.8
(171.4-328.9)

347.6
(242.1-490.1)

6394.7
(5802.9-7129.2)

11718.3
(9760.3-14543.7)

Taiwan
(Province of China)

153.3
(81.6-268.3)

280.5
(146.2-492.7)

11397.4
(8746.9-14975.8)

21272.5
(16000.7-27761.3)

Tajikistan

193.7
(133.6-277.8)

196.3
(132.3-284.5)

6998.7
(5851.8-8366.7)

7849.7
(6445.3-9552.0)

Thailand

255.1
(177.0-359.4)

446.0
(308.3-647.8)

8484.0
(7260.5-10046.7)

16369.2
(13823.2-19589.1)

Timor-Leste

250.9
(179.2-343.3)

294.9
(211.1-408.5)

6248.2
(5333.3-7354.7)

8067.8
(6972.9-9380.2)

Togo

162.9
(109.3-239.8)

212.3
(139.6-311.0)

7526.6
(5879.6-9760.6)

9642.3
(7546.3-12531.4)

Tokelau

300.4
(206.7-428.3)

317.4
(209.3-464.9)

11347.5
(9322.7-13915.6)

13872.7
(11310.4-17103.7)

Tonga

170.2
(110.1-255.8)

191.8
(119.5-296.8)

8140.7
(6538.9-10234.5)

10022.6
(8060.3-12669.3)

Trinidad and Tobago

221.2
(143.3-329.1)

314.3
(197.7-482.3)

10560.3
(8515.5-13205.1)

16516.1
(13009.0-21002.3)

Tunisia

290.5
(206.3-407.1)

360.0
(249.1-516.9)

9099.4
(7589.1-11018.0)

13808.5
(11173.1-17089.9)

Turkey

229.2
(157.4-323.8)

329.5
(211.8-500.3)

9145.0
(7692.9-10853.5)

16046.5
(12855.5-20254.2)

Turkmenistan

211.7
(144.4-306.4)

257.0
(172.2-373.1)

7659.1
(6483.9-8990.7)

10134.0
(8421.1-12111.1)

Tuvalu

266.1
(181.0-386.1)

262.6
(173.6-386.9)

10410.4
(8428.0-12953.7)

11697.3
(9429.7-14523.6)

Uganda

123.1
(81.5-181.7)

119.2
(76.8-180.9)

6112.2
(4824.7-7633.4)

6213.2
(4891.2-7928.8)

Ukraine

320.5
(217.4-467.7)

387.7
(261.8-573.5)

13278.4
(10771.1-16488.9)

16365.7
(13242.8-20245.4)

United Arab Emirates

175.9
(116.5-258.2)

222.1
(145.1-334.9)

6736.0
(5372.5-8749.7)

10422.2
(7653.7-14570.3)

United Kingdom

243.1
(162.3-361.5)

257.8
(168.8-387.5)

11226.6
(9004.9-14222.8)

12495.6
(10011.4-15883.0)

United Republic of Tanzania

224.7
(158.9-312.4)

202.0
(139.0-283.5)

7310.5
(5937.5-8928.3)

7659.4
(6184.0-9560.8)

United States of America

151.2
(97.6-224.8)

187.4
(119.8-283.7)

7462.5
(5886.6-9462.6)

9898.0
(7671.3-12726.4)

United States Virgin Islands

246.4
(157.8-369.4)

436.0
(286.2-654.2)

12241.5
(9594.1-15652.0)

21206.9
(16697.1-27275.7)

Uruguay

212.8
(137.2-316.7)

244.0
(156.2-364.6)

10116.8
(8190.5-12614.6)

11738.5
(9441.8-14607.7)

Uzbekistan

204.0
(140.1-293.3)

233.9
(156.8-342.0)

7422.8
(6231.4-8786.4)

9556.1
(7811.7-11634.2)

Vanuatu

142.0
(91.4-214.3)

167.2
(102.6-257.8)

6867.2
(5535.2-8602.4)

8639.9
(6884.4-10937.4)

Venezuela
(Bolivarian Republic of)

237.3
(160.3-340.7)

370.1
(246.5-542.7)

9657.5
(7937.9-12195.3)

15730.4
(12676.0-19706.9)

Viet Nam

245.0
(173.8-337.6)

273.7
(195.1-383.2)

6029.3
(5242.8-6914.7)

8393.3
(7179.6-9983.6)

Yemen

180.0
(124.0-250.9)

208.5
(142.8-294.6)

6623.6
(5447.2-8047.3)

7803.2
(6403.6-9687.7)

Zambia

149.3
(102.8-214.3)

132.2
(87.6-198.6)

6032.2
(4872.8-7443.7)

6230.4
(4921.6-7934.2)

Zimbabwe

207.1
(139.4-304.0)

208.8
(137.4-312.4)

8911.5
(7064.1-11686.2)

10070.7
(7806.0-13404.7)

ASR, age-standardized; DALY, disability-adjusted life years.

Supplementary Table 5 BVI DALY EAPC Across All Ages in 204 Countries for the Years 1990, 2019 and 2021

Location Name

ASR_1990

ASR_2019

ASR_2021

EAPC_CI_1990-2021

American Samoa

319.29 (217.09 to 463.75)

279.36 (181.2 to 421.27)

277.78 (179.49 to 409.33)

-0.43 (-0.45 - -0.42)

Antigua and Barbuda

291.98 (193.6 to 429.32)

255.32 (161.21 to 382.87)

253.4 (160.77 to 381.59)

-0.46 (-0.47 - -0.45)

Arab Republic of Egypt

440.89 (310.19 to 615.14)

424.62 (295.37 to 600.03)

418.25 (290.46 to 593.95)

-0.24 (-0.3 - -0.18)

Argentine Republic

222.68 (147.55 to 323.82)

202.79 (131.72 to 300.1)

201.71 (129.59 to 299.11)

-0.29 (-0.31 - -0.27)

Australia

159.66 (100.95 to 239.55)

154.46 (97.43 to 234.69)

153.79 (95.78 to 234.64)

-0.09 (-0.1 - -0.07)

Barbados

192.94 (114.17 to 312.28)

181.25 (105.19 to 301.15)

180.66 (103.65 to 298.87)

-0.19 (-0.2 - -0.18)

Belize

319.81 (218.49 to 459.76)

275.23 (179.39 to 406.41)

273.28 (178.36 to 403.47)

-0.5 (-0.52 - -0.49)

Bermuda

281.57 (182.65 to 414.53)

248.94 (155.9 to 380.41)

247.74 (154.57 to 373.72)

-0.41 (-0.43 - -0.39)

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

387.6 (266.8 to 554.05)

338.69 (227.7 to 493.24)

338.75 (227.91 to 495.08)

-0.4 (-0.44 - -0.35)

Bosnia and Herzegovina

230.54 (143.02 to 358.42)

211.49 (125.68 to 337.15)

210.72 (125.93 to 339.21)

-0.32 (-0.38 - -0.26)

Brunei Darussalam

174.12 (114.25 to 257.73)

159.67 (101.37 to 239.46)

159 (101.38 to 240.1)

-0.26 (-0.3 - -0.23)

Burkina Faso

259.89 (183.4 to 361.83)

348.39 (247.83 to 480.98)

341.71 (245.32 to 472.56)

0.34 (0.07 - 0.61)

Canada

130.68 (81.65 to 198.65)

127 (79.65 to 195.07)

126.3 (78.54 to 194.39)

-0.11 (-0.11 - -0.1)

Central African Republic

313.98 (192.4 to 508.36)

325.96 (199.39 to 517.74)

326.65 (204.2 to 519.22)

0.15 (0.13 - 0.18)

Commonwealth of Dominica

303.2 (202.07 to 443.25)

260.51 (168.29 to 387.53)

259.19 (166.26 to 389.11)

-0.5 (-0.53 - -0.47)

Commonwealth of the Bahamas

285.68 (187.26 to 419.92)

256.2 (162.26 to 382.73)

255.19 (161.34 to 386.74)

-0.39 (-0.41 - -0.37)

Cook Islands

383.9 (268.95 to 548.93)

305.48 (205.11 to 448.66)

302.52 (201.74 to 440.92)

-0.68 (-0.72 - -0.65)

Czech Republic

154.14 (101.98 to 225.82)

141.58 (91.55 to 211.21)

141.39 (91.34 to 210.83)

-0.23 (-0.27 - -0.2)

Democratic People's Republic of Korea

220.65 (128.06 to 362.64)

199.48 (110.53 to 338.48)

198.44 (109.8 to 339.96)

-0.35 (-0.36 - -0.34)

Democratic Republic of Sao -me and Principe

469.2 (332.23 to 660.34)

381.77 (262.63 to 545.45)

376.81 (258.55 to 535.5)

-0.75 (-0.79 - -0.72)

Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste

623.24 (450.78 to 837.72)

497.74 (364.95 to 684.06)

458.08 (330.31 to 628.73)

-0.88 (-1 - -0.77)

Democratic Republic of the Congo

286.93 (166.27 to 472.5)

293.09 (170.65 to 485.39)

292.65 (170.34 to 480.72)

0.09 (0.04 - 0.13)

Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka

383.14 (271.27 to 543.09)

317.48 (217.81 to 460.65)

315.4 (216.29 to 457.24)

-0.55 (-0.61 - -0.48)

Dominican Republic

383.69 (264.08 to 552.59)

324.83 (217.19 to 469.27)

321.45 (214.39 to 467.73)

-0.47 (-0.55 - -0.39)

Eastern Republic of Uruguay

188.6 (120.1 to 281.7)

179.07 (112.88 to 270.11)

178.13 (110.76 to 270.68)

-0.1 (-0.15 - -0.05)

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

470.37 (336.77 to 637.18)

451.83 (322.01 to 620.53)

449.95 (320.99 to 617.8)

0.01 (-0.05 - 0.07)

Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal

552.03 (384.72 to 780.48)

508.19 (333.52 to 770.12)

508.6 (328.23 to 774.66)

0.21 (0.05 - 0.36)

Federal Republic of Germany

162.16 (106.46 to 239.24)

149.59 (95.08 to 221.87)

149.27 (94.84 to 224.8)

-0.26 (-0.27 - -0.25)

Federal Republic of Nigeria

561.34 (404.48 to 780.75)

512.28 (360.9 to 719.76)

509.1 (359.62 to 717.61)

-0.31 (-0.35 - -0.28)

Federal Republic of Somalia

334.93 (231.7 to 468.53)

320.85 (220.78 to 451.18)

317.46 (220.23 to 447.1)

-0.19 (-0.22 - -0.16)

Federated States of Micronesia

365.89 (256.21 to 525.91)

311.84 (210.12 to 456.2)

309.05 (206.78 to 451.75)

-0.54 (-0.55 - -0.53)

Federative Republic of Brazil

474.4 (328.15 to 674)

409.81 (276.37 to 597.37)

405.83 (271.87 to 592.83)

-0.16 (-0.3 - -0.03)

French Republic

156.52 (104.03 to 230.38)

144.92 (93.36 to 215.66)

144.66 (93.27 to 218.01)

-0.25 (-0.28 - -0.23)

Gabonese Republic

429.33 (277.71 to 633.89)

372.3 (228.7 to 574.88)

370.67 (227.85 to 579.39)

-0.47 (-0.48 - -0.47)

Georgia

324.24 (224.94 to 470.23)

295.98 (200.32 to 431.97)

294.29 (200.13 to 429.63)

-0.19 (-0.23 - -0.14)

Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

166.5 (109.61 to 245.3)

151.89 (97.19 to 226.84)

151.67 (97.26 to 226.7)

-0.31 (-0.31 - -0.3)

Greenland

139.78 (89.8 to 207.33)

133.74 (85.59 to 201.09)

133.22 (84.71 to 201.28)

-0.19 (-0.21 - -0.18)

Grenada

317.63 (215.37 to 458.71)

264.19 (171.08 to 396.63)

262.08 (169.55 to 391.87)

-0.58 (-0.62 - -0.55)

Guam

312.52 (208.17 to 458.19)

285.05 (184.33 to 421.89)

284 (183.17 to 420.06)

-0.33 (-0.35 - -0.3)

Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan

390.63 (275.13 to 546.13)

315.57 (214.46 to 456.37)

313.19 (212.65 to 453.22)

-0.76 (-0.79 - -0.72)

Hellenic Republic

173.78 (114.77 to 253.72)

157.92 (101.29 to 234.34)

157.86 (101.21 to 232.78)

-0.32 (-0.34 - -0.29)

Hungary

173.61 (121.65 to 248.19)

153.09 (102.93 to 221.58)

151.81 (102.13 to 222.14)

-0.35 (-0.43 - -0.27)

Independent State of Papua New Guinea

453.46 (318.74 to 636.52)

406.16 (281.1 to 581.71)

402.62 (277.48 to 574.82)

-0.41 (-0.49 - -0.32)

Independent State of Samoa

343.41 (234.25 to 498.66)

300.67 (198.38 to 444.62)

298.07 (196.44 to 439.95)

-0.44 (-0.45 - -0.43)

Ireland

168.65 (111.08 to 247.24)

153.23 (98.5 to 229.33)

153.26 (98.52 to 227.88)

-0.33 (-0.34 - -0.31)

Islamic Republic of Afghanistan

605.15 (434.37 to 831.42)

558.21 (405.86 to 752.55)

522.64 (379.08 to 721.99)

-0.35 (-0.49 - -0.21)

Islamic Republic of Iran

528.86 (381.78 to 728.71)

432.22 (308.87 to 596.57)

448.43 (321.14 to 618.32)

-0.65 (-0.71 - -0.58)

Islamic Republic of Mauritania

513.37 (348.17 to 751.72)

447.66 (293.72 to 666.59)

441.67 (290.49 to 659.86)

-0.39 (-0.42 - -0.35)

Islamic Republic of Pakistan

629.92 (457.11 to 854.58)

593.05 (427.41 to 805.73)

589.4 (427.15 to 802.31)

-0.36 (-0.42 - -0.29)

Jamaica

297.22 (195.9 to 436.6)

261.69 (166.3 to 390.08)

260.27 (165.63 to 391.1)

-0.43 (-0.45 - -0.41)

Japan

161.67 (101.7 to 245.21)

154.01 (95.83 to 238.24)

154.13 (95.52 to 237.95)

-0.14 (-0.15 - -0.12)

Kingdom of Bahrain

454.16 (322.52 to 626.61)

352.51 (245.24 to 499.68)

349.74 (243.37 to 495.33)

-0.89 (-0.93 - -0.86)

Kingdom of Belgium

168.86 (112.12 to 249.57)

154.85 (100.22 to 230.09)

154.69 (101.14 to 231.26)

-0.28 (-0.29 - -0.27)

Kingdom of Bhutan

399.63 (274.13 to 574.99)

311.13 (202.7 to 464.57)

311.02 (201.97 to 467.11)

-0.88 (-0.93 - -0.83)

Kingdom of Cambodia

633.7 (464.47 to 855.73)

439.14 (313.55 to 615.32)

431.74 (311.64 to 605.47)

-1.4 (-1.48 - -1.33)

Kingdom of Denmark

168.33 (109.94 to 247.89)

158.29 (101.24 to 236.83)

158 (101.52 to 237.3)

-0.19 (-0.2 - -0.19)

Kingdom of Eswatini

498.78 (345.54 to 711.16)

418.93 (280.69 to 618.71)

414.1 (275.81 to 610.6)

-0.45 (-0.51 - -0.4)

Kingdom of Lesotho

523.03 (359.47 to 738.75)

447.93 (302.78 to 651.01)

443.42 (300.49 to 652.38)

-0.52 (-0.55 - -0.49)

Kingdom of Morocco

431.56 (299.36 to 613.62)

373.15 (250.01 to 546.5)

368.03 (246.97 to 542.14)

-0.46 (-0.49 - -0.44)

Kingdom of Norway

160.84 (101.57 to 244.45)

154.41 (96 to 234.8)

154.96 (96.33 to 235.15)

-0.12 (-0.13 - -0.11)

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

858.14 (622.34 to 1140.97)

535.37 (385.49 to 736.87)

526.97 (378.58 to 721.31)

-1.66 (-1.71 - -1.61)

Kingdom of Spain

287.4 (202.6 to 406.47)

261.15 (182.66 to 371.08)

260.22 (181.01 to 370.64)

-0.19 (-0.26 - -0.13)

Kingdom of Sweden

120.14 (72.75 to 189.35)

118.5 (71.59 to 187.98)

118.21 (71.49 to 187.69)

-0.05 (-0.06 - -0.04)

Kingdom of Thailand

387.81 (275.51 to 542.99)

298.57 (205.73 to 432.84)

295.41 (202.48 to 429.89)

-0.95 (-1 - -0.9)

Kingdom of -nga

281.31 (185.92 to 418.2)

244.4 (153.54 to 373.13)

243.25 (152.61 to 373.43)

-0.46 (-0.47 - -0.45)

Kingdom of the Netherlands

151.62 (97.35 to 227.01)

141.48 (88.95 to 213.13)

141.39 (88.55 to 213.28)

-0.23 (-0.23 - -0.22)

Kyrgyz Republic

305.29 (213.18 to 435.39)

277.26 (191 to 406.12)

275.45 (190.22 to 401.43)

-0.33 (-0.36 - -0.29)

Lao People's Democratic Republic

264.39 (187.87 to 371.68)

225.94 (156.28 to 327.1)

222.79 (152.72 to 322.37)

-0.51 (-0.53 - -0.49)

Lebanese Republic

468.21 (334 to 650.83)

372.09 (260.68 to 525.01)

368.43 (260.39 to 524.65)

-0.77 (-0.82 - -0.71)

Malaysia

408.01 (295.82 to 546.18)

286.8 (205.1 to 396.78)

283.46 (202.76 to 391.87)

-1.19 (-1.24 - -1.14)

Mongolia

390.64 (275.75 to 549.68)

329.52 (231.04 to 473.61)

328.28 (229.19 to 473.31)

-0.59 (-0.61 - -0.56)

Montenegro

161.99 (104.43 to 243.46)

155.4 (98.89 to 230.23)

154.32 (98.02 to 230.88)

-0.21 (-0.24 - -0.19)

New Zealand

179.08 (112.97 to 264.94)

167.78 (104 to 254.82)

167.15 (103.69 to 253.08)

-0.21 (-0.22 - -0.2)

North Macedonia

172.08 (113.7 to 254)

157.65 (101.41 to 236.01)

156.52 (100.65 to 237.35)

-0.34 (-0.36 - -0.32)

Northern Mariana Islands

306.97 (205.13 to 446.1)

282.16 (183.77 to 423.37)

280.38 (183.91 to 420.14)

-0.24 (-0.26 - -0.22)

Palestine

486.34 (348.85 to 671.59)

368.87 (255.85 to 525.04)

363.27 (252.79 to 515.84)

-0.95 (-0.99 - -0.91)

People's Democratic Republic of Algeria

486.06 (345.42 to 675.22)

389.62 (271.66 to 548.8)

385.7 (271.26 to 540.36)

-0.76 (-0.78 - -0.75)

People's Republic of Bangladesh

542.56 (391.75 to 746.03)

440.65 (308.62 to 620.33)

426.41 (296.39 to 602.94)

-0.49 (-0.58 - -0.39)

People's Republic of China

297.23 (204.65 to 431.01)

315.66 (202.29 to 485.22)

323.86 (203.78 to 504.04)

0.44 (0.28 - 0.6)

Plurinational State of Bolivia

493.88 (341.67 to 701.32)

408.81 (276.33 to 595.22)

405.15 (273.83 to 588.85)

-0.64 (-0.66 - -0.62)

Portuguese Republic

177.7 (119.5 to 262.35)

158.04 (101.92 to 237.91)

157.62 (102.17 to 236.29)

-0.39 (-0.41 - -0.36)

Principality of Andorra

159.84 (104.49 to 234.99)

151.64 (97.23 to 228.03)

151.43 (97 to 224.95)

-0.17 (-0.17 - -0.16)

Principality of Monaco

161.5 (105.29 to 240.85)

152.95 (98.22 to 230.53)

152.66 (97.82 to 228.81)

-0.19 (-0.19 - -0.18)

Puer- Rico

282.08 (182.47 to 418.08)

247.78 (155.18 to 379.7)

246.5 (153.39 to 374.34)

-0.44 (-0.46 - -0.42)

Republic of Albania

180 (120.56 to 260.79)

165 (107.81 to 243.73)

164.22 (106.31 to 242.45)

-0.35 (-0.37 - -0.32)

Republic of Angola

472.18 (316.88 to 686.31)

404.1 (257.01 to 606.99)

399.89 (252.49 to 613.42)

-0.55 (-0.59 - -0.52)

Republic of Armenia

324.19 (224.01 to 467.55)

286.67 (194.67 to 421.41)

285.15 (193.43 to 419.16)

-0.45 (-0.47 - -0.44)

Republic of Austria

167.08 (111.27 to 246.26)

153.61 (98.37 to 230.15)

153.67 (99.14 to 229.65)

-0.28 (-0.3 - -0.26)

Republic of Azerbaijan

331.36 (228.75 to 480.61)

296.22 (202.12 to 436.38)

294.65 (201.97 to 428.68)

-0.42 (-0.47 - -0.38)

Republic of Belarus

254.71 (172.31 to 368.82)

232.86 (153.78 to 344.7)

231.72 (151.4 to 341.78)

-0.33 (-0.35 - -0.32)

Republic of Benin

358.08 (245.95 to 508.74)

440.95 (311.26 to 613.23)

433.73 (305.82 to 612.13)

0.54 (0.41 - 0.68)

Republic of Botswana

529.38 (364.44 to 753.15)

420.28 (283.74 to 615.73)

416.59 (277.54 to 612.64)

-0.82 (-0.85 - -0.8)

Republic of Bulgaria

161.9 (105.52 to 243.1)

153.24 (97.3 to 230.14)

152.37 (96.83 to 232.09)

-0.19 (-0.2 - -0.18)

Republic of Burundi

239.6 (158.16 to 355.92)

221.31 (143.69 to 332.77)

226.41 (148.62 to 338.19)

-0.26 (-0.29 - -0.23)

Republic of Cabo Verde

381.17 (263.9 to 539.84)

320.06 (213.49 to 468.92)

317.01 (212.29 to 469.04)

-0.62 (-0.64 - -0.61)

Republic of Cameroon

363.66 (252.07 to 526.03)

328.73 (221.93 to 482.12)

325.28 (220.12 to 475.78)

-0.41 (-0.45 - -0.37)

Republic of Chad

441.19 (302.39 to 624.76)

446.04 (305.89 to 636.68)

442.73 (301.62 to 630.24)

0.23 (0.15 - 0.3)

Republic of Chile

224.11 (149.33 to 324.57)

195.75 (126.34 to 284.54)

194.74 (124.44 to 285.79)

-0.45 (-0.46 - -0.44)

Republic of Colombia

418.52 (294.83 to 584.68)

366.76 (242.43 to 541.65)

363.49 (236.85 to 541.57)

-0.42 (-0.48 - -0.37)

Republic of Costa Rica

363.18 (248.18 to 522.68)

313.88 (205.84 to 461.88)

310.48 (203.25 to 453.33)

-0.5 (-0.51 - -0.49)

Republic of Croatia

157.06 (102.74 to 230.8)

146.8 (95.04 to 217.72)

146.29 (95.21 to 217.67)

-0.17 (-0.22 - -0.12)

Republic of Cuba

369.93 (254.94 to 531.02)

324.41 (218.13 to 473.25)

321.32 (215.48 to 471.92)

-0.43 (-0.45 - -0.42)

Republic of Cyprus

170.42 (112.56 to 249.32)

153.66 (99.07 to 229.63)

153.26 (98.62 to 230.63)

-0.33 (-0.36 - -0.3)

République de Côte d'Ivoire

283.46 (184.1 to 433.74)

414.4 (285.3 to 597.68)

408.76 (282.28 to 584.18)

0.62 (0.34 - 0.89)

Republic of Djibouti

408.73 (290.81 to 572.25)

340.31 (238.85 to 486.54)

333.53 (233.13 to 476.03)

-0.66 (-0.71 - -0.61)

Republic of Ecuador

376.27 (251.76 to 550.19)

330.25 (214.36 to 494.89)

328.93 (213.13 to 492.37)

-0.34 (-0.4 - -0.27)

Republic of El Salvador

498.22 (346.64 to 694.55)

393.37 (267.92 to 569.29)

389.13 (266 to 565.21)

-0.79 (-0.85 - -0.74)

Republic of Equa-rial Guinea

705.01 (496.43 to 973.73)

443.64 (295.29 to 643.28)

438.9 (292.51 to 642.12)

-1.75 (-1.84 - -1.65)

Republic of Es-nia

174.94 (117.69 to 255.82)

159.4 (104.14 to 239.46)

158.91 (104.23 to 236.38)

-0.26 (-0.32 - -0.2)

Republic of Fiji

394.26 (276.26 to 558.4)

351.3 (242.29 to 507.25)

333.31 (228.73 to 484.02)

-0.42 (-0.47 - -0.36)

Republic of Finland

167.58 (110.28 to 244.69)

150.71 (97.35 to 224.33)

150.65 (95.46 to 223.99)

-0.35 (-0.38 - -0.33)

Republic of Ghana

317.4 (215.3 to 453.45)

348.05 (236.66 to 500.34)

342.18 (233.12 to 488.63)

0.2 (0.05 - 0.36)

Republic of Guatemala

508.61 (357.26 to 711.07)

417.06 (288.37 to 598.22)

411.25 (285.71 to 586.03)

-0.6 (-0.67 - -0.54)

Republic of Guinea

421.89 (297.2 to 590.61)

430.34 (304.26 to 601.3)

423.91 (297.88 to 591.91)

-0.04 (-0.14 - 0.05)

Republic of Guinea-Bissau

425.62 (294.49 to 598.74)

433.72 (306.72 to 614.39)

417.5 (290.31 to 590.69)

-0.12 (-0.25 - 0.02)

Republic of Guyana

325.93 (222.05 to 469.07)

275.81 (182.36 to 408.9)

271.19 (177.58 to 402.02)

-0.55 (-0.57 - -0.53)

Republic of Haiti

377.27 (262.74 to 537.05)

318.32 (218.58 to 459.64)

315.76 (214.64 to 454.61)

-0.56 (-0.58 - -0.55)

Republic of Honduras

406.31 (281.51 to 580.94)

341.14 (227.71 to 495.74)

336.82 (224.47 to 492.07)

-0.61 (-0.63 - -0.59)

Republic of Iceland

169.35 (112.97 to 248.05)

155.19 (100.57 to 231.51)

155.29 (101.83 to 231.2)

-0.28 (-0.3 - -0.27)

Republic of India

734.69 (527.49 to 1004.85)

634.75 (421.32 to 915.18)

632.16 (421.05 to 912.77)

-0.31 (-0.39 - -0.23)

Republic of Indonesia

477.01 (335.76 to 663.32)

403.69 (280.68 to 576.86)

399.91 (277.83 to 573.7)

-0.62 (-0.67 - -0.58)

Republic of Iraq

495.87 (353.18 to 682.31)

385.14 (270.63 to 542.97)

378.81 (265.19 to 534)

-0.93 (-0.96 - -0.9)

Republic of Italy

262.56 (182.12 to 372.83)

225.25 (153.33 to 323.14)

224.76 (152.92 to 323.56)

-0.5 (-0.57 - -0.43)

Republic of Kazakhstan

314.73 (220.29 to 451.9)

282.13 (192.88 to 408.95)

280.69 (192.74 to 406.92)

-0.36 (-0.38 - -0.33)

Republic of Kenya

507.63 (362.31 to 701.01)

411.73 (288.55 to 576.85)

404.1 (283.72 to 566.45)

-0.67 (-0.73 - -0.61)

Republic of Kiribati

367.88 (256.51 to 523.11)

325.94 (220.45 to 476.99)

323.66 (220.37 to 473.35)

-0.41 (-0.42 - -0.4)

Republic of Korea

188.77 (125.24 to 273.49)

159.43 (100.48 to 239.54)

159.3 (101.03 to 242.84)

-0.52 (-0.57 - -0.48)

Republic of Latvia

258.04 (169.79 to 378.4)

239.26 (153.15 to 355.84)

238.28 (153.7 to 353.24)

-0.19 (-0.23 - -0.15)

Republic of Liberia

447.32 (323.6 to 622.57)

370.55 (256 to 523.21)

365.78 (251.41 to 518.91)

-0.71 (-0.75 - -0.68)

Republic of Lithuania

248.71 (167.93 to 361.87)

228.17 (149.86 to 335.67)

226.96 (149.75 to 337.91)

-0.31 (-0.31 - -0.3)

Republic of Madagascar

332.51 (229.38 to 473.8)

293.17 (199.1 to 423.14)

289.37 (196.37 to 416.98)

-0.45 (-0.47 - -0.42)

Republic of Malawi

416.87 (303.72 to 561.51)

327.33 (234.5 to 447.86)

323.89 (231.37 to 446.84)

-0.68 (-0.72 - -0.64)

Republic of Maldives

356.05 (253.05 to 491.77)

265.45 (182.95 to 385.98)

263.43 (182.77 to 383.91)

-0.97 (-1.02 - -0.91)

Republic of Mali

451.82 (326.03 to 610.11)

451.9 (326.49 to 620.83)

443.58 (321.14 to 611.28)

-0.14 (-0.27 - -0.02)

Republic of Malta

170.81 (112.81 to 251.64)

155.63 (101.15 to 234.19)

155.16 (99.67 to 232.63)

-0.31 (-0.32 - -0.3)

Republic of Mauritius

357.16 (255.47 to 502.67)

284.36 (198.54 to 406.56)

281.53 (195.89 to 401.6)

-0.72 (-0.77 - -0.67)

Republic of Moldova

316.57 (220.69 to 455.73)

297.15 (200.73 to 429.61)

294.89 (200.18 to 427.8)

-0.18 (-0.24 - -0.12)

Republic of Mozambique

416.7 (296.29 to 572.58)

398.05 (284.17 to 551.13)

393.2 (283.56 to 542.9)

-0.14 (-0.22 - -0.06)

Republic of Namibia

466.78 (323.47 to 671.57)

389.4 (260.12 to 571.87)

385.71 (255.88 to 568.52)

-0.49 (-0.55 - -0.44)

Republic of Nauru

344.63 (236.25 to 498.52)

307.83 (207.65 to 451.23)

304.77 (203.36 to 448.8)

-0.38 (-0.44 - -0.32)

Republic of Nicaragua

451.2 (316.05 to 634.45)

366.15 (250.11 to 527.72)

362.23 (246.06 to 521.9)

-0.7 (-0.72 - -0.67)

Republic of Niue

336.43 (230.45 to 489.06)

285.34 (184.66 to 426.21)

283.75 (184.89 to 417.61)

-0.56 (-0.57 - -0.55)

Republic of Palau

323.87 (221.26 to 467.87)

282.09 (183.95 to 422.69)

280.83 (184.13 to 419.28)

-0.44 (-0.46 - -0.43)

Republic of Panama

448.2 (309.86 to 635.14)

374.55 (255.47 to 541.75)

369.5 (253.93 to 534.5)

-0.59 (-0.61 - -0.57)

Republic of Paraguay

473.56 (327.29 to 674.98)

390.48 (256.17 to 572.14)

386.77 (252.45 to 565.6)

-0.6 (-0.66 - -0.54)

Republic of Peru

547.22 (381.27 to 770.7)

437.58 (296.29 to 637.97)

433.66 (292.31 to 626.48)

-0.92 (-0.98 - -0.86)

Republic of Poland

174.97 (112.4 to 264.65)

167.47 (105.73 to 254.91)

166.73 (106.57 to 253.92)

-0.17 (-0.18 - -0.16)

Republic of Rwanda

310.66 (214 to 441.93)

258.24 (172.29 to 381.24)

253.89 (167.21 to 375.8)

-0.72 (-0.75 - -0.69)

Republic of San Marino

161.05 (105.76 to 239.93)

152.76 (96.91 to 227.15)

152.73 (97.51 to 227.04)

-0.17 (-0.19 - -0.16)

Republic of Senegal

502.3 (362.97 to 685.4)

427.48 (307.14 to 596.61)

408.12 (294.2 to 575.89)

-0.5 (-0.55 - -0.45)

Republic of Serbia

170.26 (111.08 to 253.46)

157.16 (100.46 to 235.42)

156.22 (101.14 to 236.35)

-0.33 (-0.35 - -0.31)

Republic of Seychelles

369.48 (265.24 to 522.27)

297.12 (207.04 to 426.42)

294.36 (204.04 to 419.74)

-0.71 (-0.73 - -0.69)

Republic of Sierra Leone

404.2 (285.88 to 569.66)

364.02 (251.77 to 521.57)

357.45 (247.36 to 511.61)

-0.4 (-0.48 - -0.31)

Republic of Singapore

200.14 (132.64 to 295.43)

182.4 (117.07 to 269.57)

182.52 (119.33 to 270.56)

-0.3 (-0.32 - -0.27)

Republic of Slovenia

171.43 (108.48 to 260.78)

163.6 (101.25 to 251.87)

163.25 (102.51 to 250.27)

-0.12 (-0.18 - -0.07)

Republic of South Africa

546.16 (349.13 to 823.34)

510.13 (313.38 to 793.27)

500.1 (308.7 to 778.18)

0.01 (-0.09 - 0.12)

Republic of South Sudan

493.55 (352.71 to 676.45)

400.77 (285.58 to 553.91)

395.92 (282.13 to 554.64)

-0.72 (-0.76 - -0.68)

Republic of Sudan

581.74 (421.48 to 794.43)

433.88 (312.12 to 600.07)

412.76 (293.36 to 575.62)

-1.04 (-1.11 - -0.98)

Republic of Suriname

363.34 (250.92 to 520.85)

312.92 (209.91 to 451.47)

309.92 (210.25 to 448.16)

-0.56 (-0.58 - -0.53)

Republic of Tajikistan

344.31 (240.43 to 490.72)

316.32 (219.44 to 458.61)

314.52 (218.66 to 454.18)

-0.3 (-0.35 - -0.25)

Republic of Trinidad and -bago

290.32 (190.41 to 429.71)

247.76 (154.67 to 376.1)

246.31 (155.01 to 376.04)

-0.58 (-0.62 - -0.55)

Republic of Tunisia

460.09 (332.38 to 634.24)

336.52 (233.88 to 478.97)

331.61 (231.65 to 474.24)

-1 (-1.1 - -0.9)

Republic of Turkey

344.48 (241.97 to 481.33)

304.02 (197.79 to 458.82)

300.8 (195.82 to 452.1)

-0.48 (-0.54 - -0.42)

Republic of Uganda

272.82 (187.42 to 387.49)

271.52 (184.05 to 397.16)

269.07 (181.59 to 389.68)

0.01 (-0.05 - 0.07)

Republic of Uzbekistan

336.76 (234.17 to 481.74)

300.51 (204.73 to 438.65)

298.62 (205.26 to 435.98)

-0.43 (-0.45 - -0.4)

Republic of Vanuatu

299.86 (201.29 to 440.03)

274.77 (177.01 to 415.36)

273.39 (175.59 to 408.87)

-0.29 (-0.31 - -0.27)

Republic of Yemen

405.8 (289.25 to 563)

416.57 (298.55 to 577.74)

408.93 (291.5 to 566.12)

-0.16 (-0.3 - -0.01)

Republic of Zambia

357.98 (253.65 to 502.19)

302.55 (210.87 to 427.83)

298.53 (206.24 to 428.77)

-0.5 (-0.53 - -0.47)

Republic of Zimbabwe

433.13 (306.12 to 606.69)

382.42 (264.67 to 553.18)

381.42 (262.86 to 547.51)

-0.32 (-0.4 - -0.25)

Republic of the Congo

431.29 (275.92 to 646.03)

383.25 (236.08 to 603.66)

382.09 (233.82 to 592)

-0.3 (-0.35 - -0.24)

Republic of the Gambia

441.01 (311.33 to 612.37)

404.12 (280.95 to 576.12)

397.59 (274.01 to 563.98)

-0.23 (-0.29 - -0.16)

Republic of the Marshall Islands

364.17 (253.25 to 523.15)

303.09 (201.82 to 447.54)

300.21 (201.77 to 445.72)

-0.61 (-0.62 - -0.6)

Republic of the Niger

495.41 (341.43 to 705.92)

524.94 (366.52 to 744.06)

553.78 (384.55 to 797.49)

0.26 (0.19 - 0.33)

Republic of the Philippines

491.39 (328.89 to 717.85)

454.4 (298.91 to 676.09)

450.51 (295.89 to 673.48)

-0.24 (-0.26 - -0.21)

Republic of the Union of Myanmar

530.49 (381.64 to 708.72)

392.17 (281.44 to 542.13)

384.91 (275.43 to 530.83)

-1.21 (-1.3 - -1.11)

Romania

173.38 (114.03 to 257.06)

160.7 (103.12 to 238.94)

160.17 (102.95 to 241.75)

-0.29 (-0.3 - -0.27)

Russian Federation

340.2 (220.37 to 508.16)

350.61 (214.55 to 552.01)

345.3 (210.9 to 542.12)

0.45 (0.31 - 0.59)

Saint Kitts and Nevis

305.8 (206.5 to 441.83)

258.36 (163.28 to 385.25)

256.56 (164.33 to 380.98)

-0.55 (-0.58 - -0.51)

Saint Lucia

304.92 (204.28 to 447.14)

258.26 (165.58 to 389.6)

256.7 (163.03 to 387.33)

-0.54 (-0.57 - -0.5)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

313.94 (213.29 to 459.09)

268.08 (173.65 to 396.09)

265.72 (171.88 to 391.13)

-0.52 (-0.54 - -0.5)

Slovak Republic

153.77 (104.8 to 222.27)

141.21 (93.18 to 206.18)

141.08 (93.39 to 207.34)

-0.2 (-0.25 - -0.14)

Socialist Republic of Viet Nam

396.59 (285.37 to 540.47)

293.35 (209.46 to 406.09)

292.73 (210.46 to 407.63)

-1.06 (-1.09 - -1.04)

Solomon Islands

383 (267.28 to 546.07)

336.35 (228.31 to 489.87)

333.04 (227.81 to 486.37)

-0.43 (-0.45 - -0.41)

State of Eritrea

523.4 (372.03 to 718.94)

426.12 (304.08 to 592.92)

416.84 (296.64 to 576.41)

-0.69 (-0.73 - -0.64)

State of Israel

169.61 (112.67 to 248.94)

157.55 (101.53 to 233.65)

157.26 (101.3 to 235.35)

-0.24 (-0.26 - -0.23)

State of Kuwait

403.27 (283.3 to 567.51)

336.89 (231.52 to 482.8)

335.15 (230.14 to 482.05)

-0.64 (-0.66 - -0.61)

State of Libya

513.12 (366.77 to 708.54)

395.14 (279.21 to 548.57)

393.8 (278.17 to 551.28)

-0.88 (-0.94 - -0.81)

State of Qatar

464.38 (332.1 to 644.93)

351.98 (245.91 to 496.33)

348.37 (241.73 to 494.07)

-0.96 (-0.98 - -0.93)

Sultanate of Oman

577.44 (410.72 to 796.79)

528.73 (375.43 to 740.01)

524.27 (367.85 to 737.39)

-0.42 (-0.48 - -0.36)

Swiss Confederation

158.31 (103.48 to 234.65)

150.19 (96.04 to 225.09)

149.93 (95.48 to 226.21)

-0.18 (-0.19 - -0.17)

Syrian Arab Republic

495.18 (359.2 to 673.03)

379.26 (267.07 to 525.14)

374.35 (265.16 to 522.64)

-0.91 (-0.99 - -0.82)

Taiwan (Province of China)

182.59 (97.19 to 315)

174.78 (91.41 to 309.05)

174.59 (91.8 to 307.37)

-0.14 (-0.15 - -0.14)

-golese Republic

384.58 (267.57 to 545.71)

399.88 (276.99 to 567.98)

395.74 (274.6 to 560.37)

0.01 (-0.08 - 0.1)

-kelau

359.12 (247.23 to 512.95)

298.48 (196.97 to 443.8)

295.66 (194.13 to 432.82)

-0.62 (-0.63 - -0.61)

Turkmenistan

371.94 (257.26 to 535.78)

322.2 (218.58 to 473.47)

320.23 (220.6 to 462.99)

-0.54 (-0.61 - -0.46)

Tuvalu

380.04 (263.89 to 543.06)

312.81 (210.78 to 457.29)

309.59 (208.77 to 452.53)

-0.61 (-0.64 - -0.59)

Ukraine

255.87 (174.61 to 371.03)

241.73 (162.09 to 353.03)

240.82 (161.16 to 355.01)

-0.16 (-0.19 - -0.14)

Union of the Comoros

482.42 (330.78 to 687.8)

410.58 (272.25 to 602.69)

405.14 (267.99 to 601.24)

-0.5 (-0.54 - -0.47)

United Arab Emirates

439.91 (312.81 to 613.17)

338.46 (236.52 to 480.8)

335.47 (234.26 to 481.78)

-0.81 (-0.87 - -0.75)

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

182.3 (118.51 to 269.18)

169.6 (107.84 to 254.67)

169.11 (107.85 to 253.66)

-0.28 (-0.29 - -0.26)

United Mexican States

378.24 (269.38 to 525.27)

348.51 (230.2 to 514.13)

328.7 (222.15 to 479.52)

-0.26 (-0.36 - -0.17)

United Republic of Tanzania

482.6 (348.99 to 661.41)

411.21 (293.43 to 570.02)

402.18 (289.01 to 559.81)

-0.57 (-0.65 - -0.49)

United States Virgin Islands

288.8 (190.25 to 425.95)

255.34 (162.06 to 384.69)

253.76 (159.19 to 380.41)

-0.4 (-0.41 - -0.39)

United States of America

133.41 (84.62 to 202.48)

145.39 (88.98 to 228.77)

135.02 (84.34 to 208.14)

0.35 (0.24 - 0.47)


Supplementary Table 6 BVI Prevalence EAPC Across All Ages in 204 Countries and Territories for the Years 1990, 2019 and 2021

Location Name

ASR_1990

ASR_2019

ASR_2021

EAPC_CI_1990-2021

American Samoa

13165.55 (10765.04 to 16190.59)

12948.3 (10522.81 to 16039.1)

12942.51 (10561.86 to 16097.43)

-0.05 (-0.06 - -0.05)

Antigua and Barbuda

13346 (10686.07 to 16692.45)

13063.83 (10402.34 to 16414.13)

13041.55 (10384.71 to 16402.2)

-0.07 (-0.08 - -0.07)

Arab Republic of Egypt

13563.27 (12105.64 to 15277.75)

14847.31 (12331.43 to 18191.66)

14810.31 (12310.28 to 18006.17)

0.3 (0.22 - 0.39)

Argentine Republic

9348.3 (7648.03 to 11700.04)

9189.2 (7469.95 to 11349.4)

9189.99 (7476.28 to 11541.22)

-0.05 (-0.06 - -0.04)

Australia

8050.68 (6388.59 to 10411.91)

8031.42 (6383.87 to 10333.74)

8008.07 (6369.84 to 10216.91)

0 (-0.01 - 0.01)

Barbados

12278.59 (9551.88 to 15699.61)

12106.02 (9373.95 to 15519.06)

12094.4 (9431.88 to 15551.61)

-0.04 (-0.04 - -0.03)

Belize

13274.97 (10742.6 to 16516.29)

13110.47 (10536.46 to 16319.88)

13090.96 (10460.53 to 16245.72)

-0.04 (-0.04 - -0.03)

Bermuda

13314.13 (10624.12 to 16648.03)

13034.4 (10394.64 to 16499.54)

13006.47 (10387.55 to 16341.78)

-0.06 (-0.07 - -0.06)

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

14317.38 (11753.03 to 17674.61)

14117.63 (11412.56 to 17469.28)

14143.57 (11520.29 to 17540.55)

-0.04 (-0.04 - -0.03)

Bosnia and Herzegovina

12832.39 (10105.06 to 16328.79)

12672.19 (10023.15 to 16025.3)

12688.68 (10048.19 to 16048.95)

0.02 (-0.03 - 0.07)

Brunei Darussalam

8043.1 (6381.14 to 10375.58)

7963.04 (6302.17 to 10162.32)

7941.05 (6307.06 to 10313.14)

-0.03 (-0.03 - -0.02)

Burkina Faso

8785.13 (6999.86 to 10933.08)

9943.69 (8236.97 to 12049.87)

9875.77 (8229.24 to 11932.79)

0.47 (0.38 - 0.56)

Canada

6696.54 (5191.71 to 8669.68)

6682.37 (5164.85 to 8743.11)

6643.33 (5127.05 to 8677.37)

-0.02 (-0.02 - -0.01)

Central African Republic

19434.43 (15006.98 to 24944.48)

19392.79 (14900.52 to 25305.7)

19466.98 (15080.52 to 25009.18)

0.01 (0 - 0.02)

Commonwealth of Dominica

13473.98 (10832.32 to 16744.57)

12909.01 (10324.38 to 16187.6)

12892.49 (10296.91 to 16186.69)

-0.15 (-0.16 - -0.14)

Commonwealth of the Bahamas

13277.52 (10628.26 to 16584.91)

13063.54 (10377.2 to 16432.25)

13072.26 (10394.29 to 16456.69)

-0.05 (-0.05 - -0.04)

Cook Islands

13389.32 (11036.84 to 16514.43)

13026.58 (10593.27 to 15986.32)

13000.72 (10618.27 to 16059.07)

-0.08 (-0.09 - -0.07)

Czech Republic

6920.34 (5698.15 to 8456.1)

6763.04 (5592.53 to 8354.37)

6778.88 (5598.58 to 8313.74)

0 (-0.05 - 0.04)

Democratic People's Republic of Korea

13740.97 (10743.72 to 17755.87)

13572.99 (10554.77 to 17576.16)

13581.95 (10463.38 to 17574.5)

-0.04 (-0.04 - -0.03)

Democratic Republic of Sao -me and Principe

15186.28 (12305.43 to 19026.4)

14723 (11890.6 to 18462.2)

14727.16 (11793.03 to 18447.68)

-0.11 (-0.12 - -0.1)

Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste

12219.31 (10666.86 to 14170.31)

11704.01 (10083.36 to 13735.81)

11526.11 (10016.55 to 13413.86)

-0.17 (-0.2 - -0.14)

Democratic Republic of the Congo

19345.98 (15103.64 to 24950.41)

19220.65 (14925.73 to 24812.71)

19250.22 (14992.15 to 24733.33)

-0.01 (-0.02 - -0.01)

Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka

12093.42 (10360.81 to 14336.48)

11797.21 (10015.77 to 14055.05)

11800.86 (10046.82 to 14011.81)

0.03 (0 - 0.07)

Dominican Republic

14203.21 (11644.79 to 17442.72)

13807.43 (11240.26 to 17111.67)

13785.25 (11182.06 to 16947.09)

0.11 (-0.01 - 0.24)

Eastern Republic of Uruguay

9041.33 (7361.31 to 11376.16)

8921.27 (7206.14 to 11059.77)

8919.14 (7164.19 to 11268.92)

0.13 (0.03 - 0.23)

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

13543.64 (11110.54 to 16593.18)

13587.3 (11082.26 to 16648.59)

13611.63 (11122.69 to 16608.74)

0.27 (0.13 - 0.41)

Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal

20515.7 (16427.15 to 25498.41)

24934.19 (21890.62 to 27442.55)

25663.58 (21476.47 to 29336.61)

1.71 (1.39 - 2.04)

Federal Republic of Germany

7650.97 (6112.25 to 9604.58)

7449.2 (6020.86 to 9339.84)

7441.07 (5961.62 to 9316.03)

-0.09 (-0.1 - -0.09)

Federal Republic of Nigeria

16960.68 (13833.81 to 21434.78)

16947.22 (13782.12 to 21389.27)

16928.33 (13815.68 to 21337.01)

0 (-0.02 - 0.01)

Federal Republic of Somalia

12075.94 (9702.26 to 15031.7)

12085.72 (9721.96 to 15089.42)

12071.53 (9677.74 to 15051.03)

-0.01 (-0.02 - 0)

Federated States of Micronesia

13404.88 (11077.27 to 16554.72)

13180.45 (10712.14 to 16318.52)

13124.39 (10668.32 to 16201.51)

-0.06 (-0.07 - -0.06)

Federative Republic of Brazil

17489.78 (14238.21 to 21646.26)

17202.64 (13961.61 to 21336.82)

17223.33 (14008.89 to 21376.69)

0.21 (0.08 - 0.33)

French Republic

7295.35 (5783.93 to 9177.75)

7166.34 (5708.54 to 9048.56)

7179.59 (5679.63 to 9073.33)

-0.06 (-0.06 - -0.05)

Gabonese Republic

20273.16 (16076.85 to 25782.48)

19920.19 (15811.88 to 25246.97)

20017.17 (15701.41 to 25429.54)

-0.03 (-0.04 - -0.03)

Georgia

12775.55 (11403.14 to 14211.61)

11864.53 (9730.18 to 14334.92)

11854.77 (9782.02 to 14348.82)

0.04 (-0.09 - 0.18)

Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

7658.49 (6132.69 to 9622.52)

7450.45 (6008.54 to 9290.66)

7467.49 (5994.4 to 9366.08)

-0.09 (-0.1 - -0.08)

Greenland

6731 (5235.15 to 8674.36)

6689.38 (5157.87 to 8756.71)

6688.95 (5173.19 to 8651.07)

-0.04 (-0.05 - -0.04)

Grenada

13510.3 (10911.58 to 16821.61)

13002.52 (10372.16 to 16293.19)

12974.9 (10359.37 to 16295.64)

-0.13 (-0.13 - -0.12)

Guam

13074.04 (10711.09 to 16170.53)

12949.97 (10572.44 to 16059.47)

12964.58 (10501.36 to 16065.36)

-0.04 (-0.05 - -0.03)

Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan

13052.16 (10811.88 to 15897.81)

12667.09 (10388.16 to 15489.76)

12627.53 (10392.92 to 15560.92)

-0.12 (-0.12 - -0.11)

Hellenic Republic

7686.64 (6206.65 to 9549.67)

7547.84 (6063.5 to 9491.45)

7571.8 (6080.9 to 9449.15)

-0.06 (-0.07 - -0.05)

Hungary

6667.26 (5518.53 to 8163.01)

6540.63 (5426.18 to 7996.3)

6522.92 (5396.68 to 7915.71)

0.1 (-0.01 - 0.22)

Independent State of Papua New Guinea

14442.83 (12154.03 to 17391.93)

14216.73 (11972.9 to 17124.05)

14201.18 (11857.49 to 17285.04)

-0.07 (-0.1 - -0.04)

Independent State of Samoa

13320.67 (10885.78 to 16475.38)

13119.19 (10621.71 to 16246.72)

13060.82 (10602.47 to 16116.03)

-0.06 (-0.07 - -0.06)

Ireland

7633.48 (6144.08 to 9506.15)

7449.08 (5997.16 to 9336.32)

7483.6 (6058 to 9342.2)

-0.08 (-0.08 - -0.07)

Islamic Republic of Afghanistan

14563.98 (12418.28 to 17371.11)

14462.1 (12270.01 to 17263.08)

14302.13 (12127.45 to 17043.4)

-0.03 (-0.06 - 0)

Islamic Republic of Iran

12544.89 (10813.33 to 14845.14)

12565.13 (10607.58 to 14961.53)

12691.46 (10732.96 to 15108.03)

0.05 (0 - 0.1)

Islamic Republic of Mauritania

21168.84 (16899.03 to 26665.25)

20885.81 (16546.53 to 26393.87)

20821.64 (16517.94 to 26162.07)

0.18 (0.05 - 0.3)

Islamic Republic of Pakistan

14064.09 (12007.88 to 16826.14)

13880.23 (11839.15 to 16838.24)

13864.54 (11823.24 to 16696.95)

0.11 (0.02 - 0.2)

Jamaica

13283 (10726.4 to 16634.78)

13023.39 (10383.23 to 16232.66)

13039.69 (10402.6 to 16493.16)

-0.07 (-0.07 - -0.06)

Japan

8463.37 (6585.21 to 10924.61)

8370.49 (6500.92 to 10879.78)

8394.55 (6540.05 to 10943.11)

-0.03 (-0.03 - -0.02)

Kingdom of Bahrain

13498.2 (11322.22 to 16238.48)

12910.08 (10767.21 to 15588.43)

12884.71 (10758.7 to 15577.62)

-0.17 (-0.17 - -0.16)

Kingdom of Belgium

7673.98 (6174.02 to 9534.98)

7487.1 (6026.88 to 9358.71)

7524.67 (6062.02 to 9442.38)

-0.07 (-0.08 - -0.07)

Kingdom of Bhutan

15369.77 (12227.72 to 19647.54)

14814.95 (11552.57 to 19032.63)

14774.51 (11544.86 to 19031.63)

-0.13 (-0.16 - -0.11)

Kingdom of Cambodia

12907.11 (11298.58 to 14794.1)

11824.37 (10277.91 to 13838.53)

11792.04 (10241.97 to 13789.51)

-0.36 (-0.39 - -0.32)

Kingdom of Denmark

7735.77 (6240.79 to 9685.52)

7583.68 (6159.23 to 9478.63)

7596.53 (6128.94 to 9462.55)

-0.06 (-0.06 - -0.05)

Kingdom of Eswatini

19734.03 (15439.85 to 25175.78)

19179.63 (15062.4 to 24448.72)

19228.6 (14872.62 to 24472.64)

0.25 (0.06 - 0.44)

Kingdom of Lesotho

20100.6 (15644.33 to 25277.37)

19637.56 (15382.64 to 25099.68)

19682.72 (15483.45 to 24921.98)

-0.07 (-0.07 - -0.07)

Kingdom of Morocco

16420.48 (13341.05 to 20439.44)

16258.51 (13159.7 to 20255.02)

16204.56 (13229.28 to 20167.06)

0.02 (-0.02 - 0.05)

Kingdom of Norway

8231.43 (6586.67 to 10323.5)

8097.34 (6515.07 to 10204.87)

8129.99 (6522.14 to 10232.39)

-0.05 (-0.05 - -0.04)

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

15610.74 (13564.3 to 18328.23)

14207.22 (12143.12 to 16734.63)

14166.79 (12081.29 to 16874.45)

-0.34 (-0.35 - -0.32)

Kingdom of Spain

9188.97 (7704.7 to 11136.78)

9052.76 (7630.57 to 10904.68)

9064.96 (7643.96 to 10859.49)

0.2 (0.07 - 0.33)

Kingdom of Sweden

7301.31 (5619.73 to 9553.27)

7221.16 (5590.98 to 9374.76)

7245.61 (5602.55 to 9398.8)

-0.03 (-0.03 - -0.02)

Kingdom of Thailand

11603.06 (9996.69 to 13634.5)

11037.62 (9420.53 to 13112.85)

11004.01 (9359.25 to 13032.14)

-0.19 (-0.2 - -0.18)

Kingdom of -nga

12646.62 (10147.11 to 15970.82)

12465.43 (9920.31 to 15774.92)

12445.55 (9982.46 to 15634.38)

-0.05 (-0.06 - -0.05)

Kingdom of the Netherlands

7434 (5877.42 to 9371.55)

7282.43 (5842.92 to 9121.36)

7306.12 (5846.82 to 9195.26)

-0.06 (-0.07 - -0.06)

Kyrgyz Republic

11154.31 (9168.17 to 13624.89)

10942.99 (8978.52 to 13449.15)

10962.62 (8943.87 to 13456.07)

-0.06 (-0.07 - -0.05)

Lao People's Democratic Republic

8835.23 (7433.95 to 10611.78)

8554.14 (7183.7 to 10306.5)

8548.16 (7133.28 to 10256.33)

-0.01 (-0.07 - 0.05)

Lebanese Republic

12346.32 (11158.15 to 13688.79)

12663.22 (10665.35 to 15209.22)

12616.1 (10623.02 to 15143.83)

0.1 (0.02 - 0.18)

Malaysia

8561.79 (7595.43 to 9616.84)

7736.57 (6823.35 to 8889.97)

7705.07 (6754.8 to 8827.8)

-0.24 (-0.32 - -0.17)

Mongolia

11847.39 (9907.98 to 14315.62)

11548.2 (9505.08 to 14021.49)

11594.5 (9646.34 to 14002.93)

-0.08 (-0.08 - -0.07)

Montenegro

7707.4 (6303.02 to 9582.87)

7628.66 (6176.48 to 9450.47)

7618.94 (6141.89 to 9511.11)

-0.06 (-0.06 - -0.05)

New Zealand

8894.71 (7037.53 to 11295.81)

8799.64 (6933.78 to 11283.49)

8779.21 (6956.88 to 11199.76)

-0.03 (-0.04 - -0.02)

North Macedonia

7758.13 (6255.02 to 9651.87)

7648.69 (6244.2 to 9462.82)

7632.69 (6195.4 to 9480.13)

-0.06 (-0.07 - -0.05)

Northern Mariana Islands

12962.63 (10527.76 to 15970.83)

12895.65 (10491.58 to 15932.64)

12889.85 (10543.74 to 15938.94)

-0.01 (-0.02 - 0)

Palestine

13956.48 (11739.5 to 16763.35)

13268.96 (11003.58 to 16091.99)

13263.97 (11033.35 to 16176.65)

-0.17 (-0.18 - -0.17)

People's Democratic Republic of Algeria

13840.97 (11721.05 to 16654.9)

13358.45 (11151.47 to 16105.35)

13348.02 (11143.08 to 16096.17)

-0.13 (-0.13 - -0.12)

People's Republic of Bangladesh

14770.66 (12455.28 to 18071.58)

14579.25 (12047.06 to 18097.85)

14500.98 (11973.92 to 17846.57)

0.37 (0.15 - 0.59)

People's Republic of China

12068.81 (9799.7 to 14928.08)

15939.52 (12508.31 to 20194.26)

17428.86 (13625.18 to 22177.12)

1.46 (1.3 - 1.61)

Plurinational State of Bolivia

16783.07 (13667.48 to 20892.85)

16359.24 (13264.98 to 20369.57)

16372.16 (13249.4 to 20320.14)

-0.09 (-0.09 - -0.08)

Portuguese Republic

7739.45 (6244.41 to 9622.82)

7575.61 (6107.26 to 9410.8)

7593.76 (6102.83 to 9433.2)

-0.07 (-0.08 - -0.07)

Principality of Andorra

7466 (6019.76 to 9309.02)

7400.31 (5969.29 to 9212.86)

7422.98 (6027.66 to 9192.25)

-0.02 (-0.03 - -0.01)

Principality of Monaco

7579.09 (6091.96 to 9415.37)

7452.18 (6006.23 to 9342.29)

7467.19 (6026.17 to 9245)

-0.06 (-0.06 - -0.05)

Puer- Rico

13361.09 (10706.3 to 16612.29)

13096.67 (10430.68 to 16501.5)

13093.65 (10408.28 to 16501.32)

-0.06 (-0.06 - -0.05)

Republic of Albania

7804.09 (6321.31 to 9692.06)

7685.61 (6216.8 to 9507.71)

7698.84 (6236.25 to 9509.95)

-0.07 (-0.07 - -0.06)

Republic of Angola

20432.29 (16296.52 to 25920.65)

20167.88 (15997.04 to 25451.19)

20177.13 (15994.63 to 25605.69)

-0.04 (-0.04 - -0.03)

Republic of Armenia

11614.93 (9703.64 to 14096.12)

11375.45 (9406.98 to 13821.87)

11381.13 (9444.72 to 13646.85)

-0.07 (-0.08 - -0.07)

Republic of Austria

7704.04 (6213.86 to 9629.25)

7480.19 (6044.54 to 9362.42)

7521.19 (6061.18 to 9435.21)

-0.09 (-0.1 - -0.09)

Republic of Azerbaijan

11639.58 (9730.67 to 14225.48)

11416.11 (9448.21 to 13887.18)

11410.73 (9476.96 to 13748.93)

-0.07 (-0.08 - -0.07)

Republic of Belarus

10625.46 (8741.22 to 13066.98)

10508.33 (8623.84 to 12992.4)

10489.64 (8604.53 to 13044.39)

-0.05 (-0.05 - -0.04)

Republic of Benin

14099.49 (11129.35 to 18041.97)

14971.88 (12098.78 to 18798.74)

14978.15 (12038.81 to 18692.48)

0.17 (0.15 - 0.2)

Republic of Botswana

19942.49 (15707.39 to 25254.34)

19336.93 (15121.87 to 24641.03)

19386.83 (15069.58 to 24726.93)

-0.09 (-0.1 - -0.09)

Republic of Bulgaria

7710.72 (6237.82 to 9655.19)

7646.61 (6208.11 to 9492.96)

7641.03 (6278.82 to 9465.43)

-0.04 (-0.04 - -0.03)

Republic of Burundi

11678.45 (9153.73 to 14569.53)

11432.44 (8970.24 to 14464.52)

11494.26 (9006.33 to 14472.16)

-0.08 (-0.09 - -0.07)

Republic of Cabo Verde

14565.18 (11551.38 to 18431.94)

14122.62 (11273.16 to 17970.69)

14088.67 (11197.05 to 17802.06)

-0.11 (-0.11 - -0.1)

Republic of Cameroon

14412.36 (11477.32 to 18221.45)

14165.24 (11193.9 to 18134.39)

14151.9 (11157.26 to 17890.09)

-0.08 (-0.09 - -0.06)

Republic of Chad

17647.08 (13952.36 to 22634.77)

17775.96 (14178.47 to 22396.87)

17801.52 (14096.3 to 22594.19)

0.38 (0.19 - 0.58)

Republic of Chile

9352.86 (7688.33 to 11699.33)

9127.29 (7410.69 to 11502.95)

9122.49 (7401.82 to 11536.98)

-0.08 (-0.09 - -0.08)

Republic of Colombia

15029.36 (13492.01 to 16938.73)

16240.04 (13116.66 to 20436.34)

16252.55 (13189.98 to 20170.57)

0.3 (0.21 - 0.4)

Republic of Costa Rica

14229.99 (11678.71 to 17703.35)

14026.43 (11344.05 to 17502.85)

13999.86 (11323.12 to 17305.77)

-0.05 (-0.05 - -0.04)

Republic of Croatia

7114.94 (5838.96 to 8663.04)

6935.55 (5640.1 to 8546.24)

6940.38 (5674.92 to 8483.08)

0.11 (0 - 0.21)

Republic of Cuba

13962.96 (11436.41 to 17126.67)

13767.75 (11188.69 to 17004.02)

13747.19 (11150.75 to 17065.09)

-0.05 (-0.05 - -0.05)

Republic of Cyprus

7646.1 (6152.35 to 9591.69)

7481.71 (6052.67 to 9389.36)

7479.94 (5994.89 to 9347.65)

-0.06 (-0.07 - -0.06)

Republic of C么te d'Ivoire

14974.19 (11641.44 to 19318.71)

16175.36 (12986.97 to 20200.86)

16138.97 (12946.12 to 20235.54)

0.4 (0.29 - 0.52)

Republic of Djibouti

12760.05 (10458.02 to 15471.78)

12395.67 (10104.83 to 15334.26)

12389.39 (10001.69 to 15123.1)

-0.1 (-0.11 - -0.1)

Republic of Ecuador

15956.29 (12803 to 19905.91)

15681.11 (12475.14 to 20040.61)

15707.18 (12577.41 to 19727.11)

0.15 (0.03 - 0.27)

Republic of El Salvador

15447.1 (12974.35 to 18685.05)

15069.91 (12440.01 to 18371.59)

15046.37 (12448.03 to 18383.04)

-0.08 (-0.08 - -0.07)

Republic of Equa-rial Guinea

21211.75 (16904.48 to 26576.7)

19938.57 (15823.1 to 25333.49)

19971.11 (15761.78 to 25274.23)

-0.23 (-0.24 - -0.22)

Republic of Es-nia

7735.47 (6295.89 to 9725.74)

7566.86 (6124.58 to 9433.31)

7597.75 (6126.2 to 9589.99)

0.12 (0 - 0.23)

Republic of Fiji

13603.54 (11256 to 16711.55)

13439.62 (11081.69 to 16437.25)

13301.98 (10962.35 to 16433.5)

-0.05 (-0.06 - -0.04)

Republic of Finland

7703.41 (6206.54 to 9635.56)

7468.7 (6004.22 to 9280.43)

7499.24 (6046.22 to 9312.11)

-0.1 (-0.11 - -0.09)

Republic of Ghana

12585.97 (10197.25 to 15702.46)

13271.15 (10885.11 to 16428.62)

13210.39 (10856.85 to 16193.4)

0.64 (0.48 - 0.8)

Republic of Guatemala

15344.97 (12836.31 to 18523.42)

15002.21 (12448.33 to 18160.31)

14948.58 (12403.13 to 18370.55)

0.13 (0.01 - 0.24)

Republic of Guinea

14672.03 (11706.19 to 18569.45)

15027.41 (12124.88 to 18834.5)

14973.9 (12055.9 to 18642.16)

0.05 (0.03 - 0.07)

Republic of Guinea-Bissau

14803.56 (11912.65 to 18485.94)

15084.51 (12184.13 to 18891.84)

15020.63 (12116.76 to 18669.95)

0.01 (-0.02 - 0.04)

Republic of Guyana

13418.02 (10850.85 to 16590.45)

13159.37 (10545.07 to 16455.55)

13158.34 (10561.45 to 16503.34)

-0.06 (-0.07 - -0.06)

Republic of Haiti

13741.64 (11138.37 to 17044.33)

13460.2 (10776.66 to 16882.76)

13448.88 (10780.1 to 16823.07)

-0.06 (-0.07 - -0.05)

Republic of Honduras

14665.63 (12076.02 to 17866.96)

14437.57 (11807.04 to 17760.55)

14391.66 (11693.89 to 17734.63)

-0.06 (-0.07 - -0.05)

Republic of Iceland

7499.29 (6027.37 to 9371.43)

7351.96 (5921.6 to 9171.47)

7379.04 (5971.26 to 9237.03)

-0.06 (-0.07 - -0.06)

Republic of India

19125.79 (16070.44 to 22994.75)

26640.49 (21123.67 to 32852.21)

26333.59 (21116.25 to 32187.03)

1.71 (1.48 - 1.94)

Republic of Indonesia

14787.92 (12181.28 to 17838.27)

15641.97 (12613.28 to 19430.04)

15664.32 (12673.69 to 19308.25)

0.21 (0.12 - 0.29)

Republic of Iraq

13838.54 (11613.92 to 16653.31)

13322.5 (11145.18 to 16141.66)

13304.31 (11145.17 to 16008.3)

-0.15 (-0.15 - -0.14)

Republic of Italy

9269.47 (7686.75 to 11397.79)

8993.91 (7384.52 to 11116.92)

9030.68 (7416.31 to 11117.13)

-0.1 (-0.11 - -0.09)

Republic of Kazakhstan

11179.08 (9399.98 to 13552.04)

10983.49 (9111.68 to 13280.17)

10963.68 (9073.38 to 13298.22)

0.1 (0.01 - 0.19)

Republic of Kenya

15481.17 (12658.07 to 19036.5)

15104.85 (12152.47 to 18705.09)

15105.43 (12227.26 to 18657.75)

0.02 (-0.04 - 0.08)

Republic of Kiribati

13507.75 (11118.73 to 16557.43)

13295.62 (10905.27 to 16448)

13279.26 (10874.38 to 16434.48)

-0.06 (-0.06 - -0.05)

Republic of Korea

8221.99 (6560.88 to 10521.5)

7963.03 (6282.72 to 10204.8)

7971.28 (6361.98 to 10250.63)

-0.1 (-0.1 - -0.09)

Republic of Latvia

11432.72 (9374.43 to 14045.03)

11346.75 (9195.47 to 14037.31)

11326.38 (9245.56 to 14075.93)

0.1 (0.02 - 0.18)

Republic of Liberia

14927.28 (12051.01 to 18675.44)

14566.36 (11638.67 to 18373.44)

14543.98 (11643.99 to 18218.45)

-0.1 (-0.11 - -0.1)

Republic of Lithuania

10596.13 (8699.33 to 12951.7)

10434.55 (8476.67 to 12891.47)

10420.75 (8506.55 to 12970.14)

-0.06 (-0.06 - -0.05)

Republic of Madagascar

12547.22 (10183.87 to 15419.48)

12349.55 (9966.6 to 15257.36)

12359.82 (9913.56 to 15318.43)

-0.06 (-0.06 - -0.05)

Republic of Malawi

9230.12 (7895.88 to 10886.64)

8789.04 (7464.46 to 10376.21)

8754.43 (7421.2 to 10383.64)

0 (-0.08 - 0.08)

Republic of Maldives

10563.92 (8938.79 to 12643.65)

10042.04 (8410.35 to 12195.34)

10008.71 (8378.09 to 12057.99)

-0.17 (-0.17 - -0.16)

Republic of Mali

11474.34 (9437.03 to 14220.47)

11842.86 (9844.5 to 14432.74)

11808.99 (9707.19 to 14484.68)

0.23 (0.16 - 0.31)

Republic of Malta

7656.96 (6143.61 to 9628.59)

7495.79 (6034.74 to 9455.98)

7516.96 (6040.07 to 9418.04)

-0.07 (-0.08 - -0.06)

Republic of Mauritius

10422.22 (8959.13 to 12346.68)

9982.78 (8437.81 to 11916.49)

9964.8 (8438.8 to 11889.18)

-0.01 (-0.09 - 0.08)

Republic of Moldova

11314.08 (9412.35 to 13626.74)

11375.75 (9505.1 to 13799.61)

11360.68 (9436.54 to 13800.15)

0.04 (0.02 - 0.06)

Republic of Mozambique

12619.38 (10214.91 to 15418.67)

12783.35 (10484.84 to 15738.01)

12770.52 (10390.32 to 15732.88)

0.04 (0.01 - 0.06)

Republic of Namibia

17938.43 (14212.56 to 22910.07)

17683.84 (13756.85 to 22429.89)

17709.64 (13837.63 to 22859.32)

0.31 (0.1 - 0.52)

Republic of Nauru

13200.59 (10857.44 to 16272.03)

13167.28 (10694.52 to 16415)

13138.19 (10682.26 to 16337.47)

-0.01 (-0.03 - 0.01)

Republic of Nicaragua

14894.89 (12377.94 to 18096.43)

14541.79 (11986.83 to 17897.59)

14487.23 (11838.42 to 17880.84)

-0.08 (-0.08 - -0.07)

Republic of Niue

13309.38 (10958.84 to 16367.67)

12979.43 (10536.85 to 16087.13)

12987.95 (10611.5 to 16174.74)

-0.08 (-0.09 - -0.08)

Republic of Palau

13141.67 (10723.95 to 16125.69)

12905.72 (10532.04 to 16045.18)

12894.47 (10547.62 to 15991.87)

-0.06 (-0.07 - -0.06)

Republic of Panama

14789.27 (12255.35 to 17920.56)

14480.35 (11916.23 to 17820.62)

14450.57 (11863.86 to 17731.4)

-0.07 (-0.07 - -0.07)

Republic of Paraguay

17148.55 (14076.63 to 20906.13)

16783.77 (13690.32 to 20600.35)

16764.7 (13645.48 to 20556.05)

0.14 (0.02 - 0.26)

Republic of Peru

17365.2 (14343.57 to 21352.53)

16897.52 (13783.71 to 21202.3)

16888.54 (13796.73 to 20751.88)

-0.14 (-0.16 - -0.11)

Republic of Poland

8567 (6898.68 to 10599.79)

8442.47 (6759.59 to 10518.72)

8449.14 (6757.41 to 10597.09)

-0.06 (-0.06 - -0.05)

Republic of Rwanda

12290.82 (9850.75 to 15325.98)

12048.43 (9562.49 to 15240.78)

12015.41 (9548.24 to 14985.85)

-0.09 (-0.09 - -0.08)

Republic of San Marino

7558.49 (6066.67 to 9455.4)

7453.57 (6006.8 to 9415.96)

7470.55 (6025.56 to 9356.19)

-0.04 (-0.05 - -0.04)

Republic of Senegal

13895.19 (11253.82 to 17050.46)

13523.14 (10955.46 to 16748.54)

13487.19 (10893.26 to 16760.49)

0.14 (0.01 - 0.28)

Republic of Serbia

7753.99 (6272.79 to 9707.12)

7647.28 (6170.32 to 9455.03)

7640.02 (6163.97 to 9447.96)

-0.07 (-0.08 - -0.06)

Republic of Seychelles

10920.97 (9287.16 to 12912.6)

10524.24 (8890.09 to 12567.06)

10508.68 (8869.79 to 12628.97)

-0.13 (-0.13 - -0.13)

Republic of Sierra Leone

14566.01 (11622.88 to 18321.94)

14358.86 (11498.29 to 18185.9)

14315.42 (11463.39 to 18041.02)

-0.06 (-0.07 - -0.04)

Republic of Singapore

8615.25 (6942.69 to 10876.7)

8427.06 (6775.77 to 10761.81)

8449.31 (6834.84 to 10735.62)

-0.07 (-0.08 - -0.06)

Republic of Slovenia

8792.02 (6983.74 to 10988.57)

8777.41 (6920.52 to 11043.1)

8777.38 (6955.82 to 10998.87)

0.11 (0.03 - 0.19)

Republic of South Africa

28907.89 (22879.94 to 35976.15)

31431.96 (25268.45 to 38210.84)

29635.03 (23783.29 to 36779.82)

0.76 (0.54 - 0.97)

Republic of South Sudan

13143.7 (10876.41 to 15842.96)

12857.55 (10539.73 to 15623.39)

12836.55 (10552.1 to 15630.62)

-0.08 (-0.09 - -0.07)

Republic of Sudan

13911.14 (11745.99 to 16724.16)

13182.17 (10948.95 to 15944.7)

13163.18 (10952.26 to 16077.56)

-0.18 (-0.19 - -0.18)

Republic of Suriname

13666.54 (11172.68 to 16805.34)

13471.05 (10787.67 to 16674.93)

13446.1 (10820.27 to 16570.27)

-0.06 (-0.07 - -0.06)

Republic of Tajikistan

11638.92 (9680.63 to 14170.47)

11418.31 (9433.73 to 13871.03)

11440.74 (9541.1 to 13929.03)

-0.06 (-0.07 - -0.06)

Republic of Trinidad and -bago

13250.55 (10653.15 to 16473.02)

12986.63 (10349.57 to 16344.43)

12968.98 (10339.86 to 16359.86)

-0.07 (-0.07 - -0.06)

Republic of Tunisia

12910.2 (10758.22 to 15714.65)

12417.1 (10183.86 to 15120.88)

12379.55 (10136.63 to 15132.78)

0.12 (-0.03 - 0.27)

Republic of Turkey

12509.09 (10562.13 to 15025.9)

14380.27 (11642.64 to 17919.03)

14326.6 (11608.75 to 17834.17)

0.38 (0.3 - 0.45)

Republic of Uganda

11798.25 (9286.73 to 14694.31)

12084.01 (9678.5 to 15232.43)

12060.97 (9594.51 to 15010.71)

0.09 (0.08 - 0.11)

Republic of Uzbekistan

11644.44 (9694.12 to 14091.88)

11385.76 (9475.06 to 13901.5)

11390.95 (9428.51 to 13851.04)

-0.08 (-0.09 - -0.08)

Republic of Vanuatu

12938.59 (10482.74 to 15982.56)

12882.82 (10397.64 to 16039.9)

12869.17 (10379.93 to 16089.76)

-0.02 (-0.02 - -0.01)

Republic of Yemen

12878.8 (10630.24 to 15788.78)

13250.86 (11063.46 to 16156.08)

13207.46 (10846.11 to 16076.23)

0.04 (0 - 0.07)

Republic of Zambia

11929.97 (9725.34 to 14539.54)

11605.95 (9455.11 to 14283.27)

11627.21 (9395.87 to 14270.46)

0.15 (0.02 - 0.28)

Republic of Zimbabwe

15669.78 (12386.62 to 20065.73)

15455.55 (12244.63 to 19854.87)

15456.42 (12197.72 to 19839)

0.31 (0.1 - 0.51)

Republic of the Congo

20626.69 (16344.33 to 25937.14)

20195.07 (16102.69 to 25627.87)

20281.52 (16074.13 to 25613.02)

0.16 (0.04 - 0.29)

Republic of the Gambia

15014.71 (12097.68 to 18729.5)

14949.63 (12072.07 to 18611.69)

14946.09 (12092.64 to 18629.76)

0.01 (-0.01 - 0.03)

Republic of the Marshall Islands

13423.37 (11061.22 to 16517.52)

13110.35 (10670.25 to 16220.83)

13089.07 (10660.58 to 16160.62)

-0.07 (-0.08 - -0.07)

Republic of the Niger

19999.91 (15790.54 to 25489.98)

21066.41 (18105.51 to 23888.49)

23557.38 (19626.43 to 27185.74)

0.4 (0.27 - 0.54)

Republic of the Philippines

21129.86 (16982.02 to 26328.67)

20968.79 (16828.56 to 26241.49)

20961.03 (16773.89 to 26115.14)

0 (-0.02 - 0.02)

Republic of the Union of Myanmar

10148.92 (9054.85 to 11353.86)

9472.63 (8349.65 to 10843.9)

9455.36 (8331.13 to 10852.14)

-0.19 (-0.23 - -0.16)

Romania

7779.6 (6341.91 to 9725.73)

7681.15 (6216.57 to 9514.24)

7671.61 (6294.9 to 9490.74)

-0.06 (-0.06 - -0.05)

Russian Federation

15480.32 (12550.03 to 19062.32)

18802.01 (14921.26 to 23715.09)

18546.03 (14692.66 to 23360.4)

1.45 (1.15 - 1.75)

Saint Kitts and Nevis

13372.59 (10745.84 to 16629.8)

12977.44 (10384.94 to 16235.37)

12941.2 (10358.86 to 16317.42)

-0.1 (-0.1 - -0.09)

Saint Lucia

13399.47 (10882.18 to 16579.41)

13017.29 (10360.85 to 16356.75)

12997.56 (10310.19 to 16375.01)

-0.1 (-0.11 - -0.09)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

13429.88 (10764.67 to 16632.06)

12979.18 (10280.96 to 16199.86)

12947.06 (10341.17 to 16180.78)

-0.12 (-0.12 - -0.11)

Slovak Republic

6605.31 (5596.23 to 7650.42)

6223.48 (5207.98 to 7556.13)

6231.34 (5124.35 to 7594.61)

-0.01 (-0.1 - 0.08)

Socialist Republic of Viet Nam

9012.84 (7877.42 to 10377.93)

8420.86 (7229.51 to 9873.17)

8424.76 (7244.68 to 9947.63)

-0.16 (-0.21 - -0.1)

Solomon Islands

13433.33 (11069.67 to 16529.45)

13288.3 (10951.65 to 16405.89)

13268.08 (10911.89 to 16310.95)

-0.03 (-0.04 - -0.03)

State of Eritrea

13460.59 (11100.79 to 16213.24)

13024.05 (10702.83 to 15869.49)

12985.05 (10722.15 to 15887.17)

-0.11 (-0.12 - -0.11)

State of Israel

7629.56 (6108.48 to 9512.35)

7519.88 (6033.61 to 9471.03)

7521.51 (6049.54 to 9379.5)

-0.05 (-0.06 - -0.05)

State of Kuwait

13091.7 (10977.18 to 15760.08)

12873.85 (10653.85 to 15588.36)

12881.36 (10652.53 to 15585.29)

-0.05 (-0.06 - -0.04)

State of Libya

13769.12 (11603.97 to 16472.89)

13358.84 (11149.37 to 16065.36)

13353.17 (11131.13 to 16275)

-0.11 (-0.12 - -0.1)

State of Qatar

13194.12 (11214.81 to 15697.71)

12653.55 (10573.9 to 15318.93)

12652.87 (10522.63 to 15191.85)

-0.16 (-0.17 - -0.15)

Sultanate of Oman

14743.04 (12623.78 to 17590)

15152.87 (13140.94 to 17578.85)

15143.19 (13145.03 to 17709.92)

0.04 (0.01 - 0.08)

Swiss Confederation

7570.5 (6097.56 to 9369.75)

7436.56 (5981.57 to 9346.71)

7461.5 (6032.18 to 9374.18)

-0.06 (-0.07 - -0.06)

Syrian Arab Republic

11476.47 (10444.11 to 12806.84)

11750.27 (9900.06 to 14043.34)

11705.18 (9924.98 to 13985.35)

0.09 (0.01 - 0.18)

Taiwan (Province of China)

13238.3 (10229.82 to 17247.16)

13179.67 (10199.54 to 17053.28)

13200.54 (10173.35 to 17089.73)

-0.01 (-0.01 - -0.01)

-golese Republic

14649.87 (11646.32 to 18492.66)

14923.19 (12049.64 to 18745.58)

14914.16 (12026.29 to 18616.3)

0.03 (0.01 - 0.05)

-kelau

13408.92 (11016.75 to 16535.55)

13049.73 (10653.97 to 16111.26)

13063.29 (10660.57 to 16137.66)

-0.09 (-0.09 - -0.08)

Turkmenistan

12506.66 (10611.55 to 14873.56)

11958.87 (10118.71 to 14330.11)

11965.61 (10013.84 to 14224.63)

-0.17 (-0.2 - -0.14)

Tuvalu

13613.09 (11238.07 to 16777.33)

13188.93 (10756.61 to 16277.21)

13155.01 (10773.46 to 16213.79)

-0.1 (-0.11 - -0.1)

Ukraine

255.87 (174.61 to 371.03)

241.73 (162.09 to 353.03)

240.82 (161.16 to 355.01)

0.08 (0.01 - 0.15)

Union of the Comoros

482.42 (330.78 to 687.8)

410.58 (272.25 to 602.69)

405.14 (267.99 to 601.24)

0.07 (0 - 0.14)

United Arab Emirates

439.91 (312.81 to 613.17)

338.46 (236.52 to 480.8)

335.47 (234.26 to 481.78)

-0.08 (-0.17 - 0)

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

182.3 (118.51 to 269.18)

169.6 (107.84 to 254.67)

169.11 (107.85 to 253.66)

-0.08 (-0.08 - -0.07)

United Mexican States

378.24 (269.38 to 525.27)

348.51 (230.2 to 514.13)

328.7 (222.15 to 479.52)

0.9 (0.73 - 1.07)

United Republic of Tanzania

482.6 (348.99 to 661.41)

411.21 (293.43 to 570.02)

402.18 (289.01 to 559.81)

-0.1 (-0.11 - -0.09)

United States Virgin Islands

288.8 (190.25 to 425.95)

255.34 (162.06 to 384.69)

253.76 (159.19 to 380.41)

-0.07 (-0.07 - -0.06)

United States of America

133.41 (84.62 to 202.48)

145.39 (88.98 to 228.77)

135.02 (84.34 to 208.14)

0.85 (0.64 - 1.06)

Supplementary Table 7 Proportion of DALY Numbers by Different Diseases in 21 Regions for the Years 1990 and 2021

 

DALY number

 

1990

2021

 

AMD

Cataract

Glaucoma

Near vision loss

Other vision loss

URD

AMD

Cataract

Glaucoma

Near vision loss

Other vision loss

URD

Andean Latin America

1.50

23.25

3.53

28.74

13.74

29.23

1.85

21.59

3.21

34.12

11.96

27.27

Australasia

3.11

13.71

4.02

39.71

10.14

29.32

3.29

16.43

4.43

40.39

9.65

25.81

Caribbean

0.57

15.22

5.36

33.17

21.81

23.87

0.62

14.74

4.88

37.16

21.46

21.15

Central Asia

1.39

20.38

4.06

27.82

21.64

24.72

1.44

19.22

3.25

30.91

20.50

24.68

Central Europe

2.85

12.65

2.92

36.21

19.58

25.78

3.11

14.43

2.78

37.37

18.57

23.73

Central Latin America

0.92

17.30

3.14

27.71

17.70

33.22

1.07

17.46

3.08

34.87

15.84

27.69

Central Sub-Saharan Africa

0.34

6.33

2.51

62.34

8.83

19.65

0.33

4.97

2.07

64.47

7.90

20.26

East Asia

2.07

17.44

2.64

38.66

12.26

26.93

2.33

16.90

1.52

50.97

9.23

19.06

Eastern Europe

0.78

11.14

3.10

36.62

23.09

25.27

0.72

10.56

2.56

43.01

21.17

21.99

Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa

2.56

28.85

5.90

30.26

14.29

18.14

2.10

25.72

4.80

34.53

13.98

18.86

High-income Asia Pacific

1.46

11.48

4.65

43.77

12.76

25.87

2.15

16.90

6.63

41.10

11.45

21.79

High-income North America

2.63

15.14

4.45

38.95

10.76

28.07

2.68

16.13

4.79

42.48

9.98

23.94

North Africa and Middle East

2.79

22.93

5.63

22.95

15.25

30.45

3.04

21.40

4.57

29.71

12.58

28.69

Oceania

0.67

35.57

2.16

28.90

6.09

26.61

0.59

33.86

1.92

31.80

5.11

26.73

South Asia

1.57

33.33

2.01

22.23

8.07

32.78

1.21

28.25

1.63

37.77

6.68

24.45

Southeast Asia

1.51

34.68

1.84

25.01

13.66

23.30

1.49

33.14

1.65

31.99

12.47

19.25

Southern Latin America

1.59

16.15

3.59

30.62

12.87

35.18

1.60

17.12

3.40

33.50

12.66

31.71

Southern Sub-Saharan Africa

0.45

17.80

4.03

52.71

10.08

14.94

0.53

14.03

3.63

58.71

8.81

14.28

Tropical Latin America

0.78

15.78

3.32

31.13

17.06

31.93

1.10

16.79

3.81

35.32

16.15

26.82

Western Europe

7.35

16.28

6.54

31.96

10.11

27.76

7.24

19.27

6.33

33.59

8.46

25.11

Western Sub-Saharan Africa

2.63

29.09

6.08

32.02

13.98

16.20

2.39

25.45

4.55

35.59

13.18

18.85

Supplementary Table 8 Proportion of Prevalence Numbers by Different Diseases in 21 Regions for the Years 1990 and 2021

 

ASR DALY Rate

ASR Prevalence Rate

 

1990

2021

1990

2021

Afghanistan

605.2
(434.4-831.4)

522.6
(379.1-722.0)

14564.0
(12418.3-17371.1)

14302.1
(12127.4-17043.4)

Albania

180.0
(120.6-260.8)

164.2
(106.3-242.4)

7804.1
(6321.3-9692.1)

7698.8
(6236.2-9509.9)

Algeria

486.1
(345.4-675.2)

385.7
(271.3-540.4)

13841.0
(11721.0-16654.9)

13348.0
(11143.1-16096.2)

American Samoa

319.3
(217.1-463.7)

277.8
(179.5-409.3)

13165.6
(10765.0-16190.6)

12942.5
(10561.9-16097.4)

Andorra

159.8
(104.5-235.0)

151.4
(97.0-224.9)

7466.0
(6019.8-9309.0)

7423.0
(6027.7-9192.2)

Angola

472.2
(316.9-686.3)

399.9
(252.5-613.4)

20432.3
(16296.5-25920.7)

20177.1
(15994.6-25605.7)

Antigua and Barbuda

292.0
(193.6-429.3)

253.4
(160.8-381.6)

13346.0
(10686.1-16692.5)

13041.5
(10384.7-16402.2)

Argentina

222.7
(147.6-323.8)

201.7
(129.6-299.1)

9348.3
(7648.0-11700.0)

9190.0
(7476.3-11541.2)

Armenia

324.2
(224.0-467.5)

285.2
(193.4-419.2)

11614.9
(9703.6-14096.1)

11381.1
(9444.7-13646.8)

Australia

159.7
(101.0-239.5)

153.8
(95.8-234.6)

8050.7
(6388.6-10411.9)

8008.1
(6369.8-10216.9)

Austria

167.1
(111.3-246.3)

153.7
(99.1-229.7)

7704.0
(6213.9-9629.3)

7521.2
(6061.2-9435.2)

Azerbaijan

331.4
(228.7-480.6)

294.6
(202.0-428.7)

11639.6
(9730.7-14225.5)

11410.7
(9477.0-13748.9)

Bahamas

285.7
(187.3-419.9)

255.2
(161.3-386.7)

13277.5
(10628.3-16584.9)

13072.3
(10394.3-16456.7)

Bahrain

454.2
(322.5-626.6)

349.7
(243.4-495.3)

13498.2
(11322.2-16238.5)

12884.7
(10758.7-15577.6)

Bangladesh

542.6
(391.7-746.0)

426.4
(296.4-602.9)

14770.7
(12455.3-18071.6)

14501.0
(11973.9-17846.6)

Barbados

192.9
(114.2-312.3)

180.7
(103.7-298.9)

12278.6
(9551.9-15699.6)

12094.4
(9431.9-15551.6)

Belarus

254.7
(172.3-368.8)

231.7
(151.4-341.8)

10625.5
(8741.2-13067.0)

10489.6
(8604.5-13044.4)

Belgium

168.9
(112.1-249.6)

154.7
(101.1-231.3)

7674.0
(6174.0-9535.0)

7524.7
(6062.0-9442.4)

Belize

319.8
(218.5-459.8)

273.3
(178.4-403.5)

13275.0
(10742.6-16516.3)

13091.0
(10460.5-16245.7)

Benin

358.1
(246.0-508.7)

433.7
(305.8-612.1)

14099.5
(11129.4-18042.0)

14978.1
(12038.8-18692.5)

Bermuda

281.6
(182.6-414.5)

247.7
(154.6-373.7)

13314.1
(10624.1-16648.0)

13006.5
(10387.6-16341.8)

Bhutan

399.6
(274.1-575.0)

311.0
(202.0-467.1)

15369.8
(12227.7-19647.5)

14774.5
(11544.9-19031.6)

Bolivia
(Plurinational State of)

493.9
(341.7-701.3)

405.1
(273.8-588.8)

16783.1
(13667.5-20892.8)

16372.2
(13249.4-20320.1)

Bosnia and Herzegovina

230.5
(143.0-358.4)

210.7
(125.9-339.2)

12832.4
(10105.1-16328.8)

12688.7
(10048.2-16049.0)

Botswana

529.4
(364.4-753.2)

416.6
(277.5-612.6)

19942.5
(15707.4-25254.3)

19386.8
(15069.6-24726.9)

Brazil

474.4
(328.1-674.0)

405.8
(271.9-592.8)

17489.8
(14238.2-21646.3)

17223.3
(14008.9-21376.7)

Brunei Darussalam

174.1
(114.3-257.7)

159.0
(101.4-240.1)

8043.1
(6381.1-10375.6)

7941.0
(6307.1-10313.1)

Bulgaria

161.9
(105.5-243.1)

152.4
(96.8-232.1)

7710.7
(6237.8-9655.2)

7641.0
(6278.8-9465.4)

Burkina Faso

259.9
(183.4-361.8)

341.7
(245.3-472.6)

8785.1
(6999.9-10933.1)

9875.8
(8229.2-11932.8)

Burundi

239.6
(158.2-355.9)

226.4
(148.6-338.2)

11678.4
(9153.7-14569.5)

11494.3
(9006.3-14472.2)

Cabo Verde

381.2
(263.9-539.8)

317.0
(212.3-469.0)

14565.2
(11551.4-18431.9)

14088.7
(11197.0-17802.1)

Cambodia

633.7
(464.5-855.7)

431.7
(311.6-605.5)

12907.1
(11298.6-14794.1)

11792.0
(10242.0-13789.5)

Cameroon

363.7
(252.1-526.0)

325.3
(220.1-475.8)

14412.4
(11477.3-18221.5)

14151.9
(11157.3-17890.1)

Canada

130.7
(81.6-198.7)

126.3
(78.5-194.4)

6696.5
(5191.7-8669.7)

6643.3
(5127.1-8677.4)

Central African Republic

314.0
(192.4-508.4)

326.6
(204.2-519.2)

19434.4
(15007.0-24944.5)

19467.0
(15080.5-25009.2)

Chad

441.2
(302.4-624.8)

442.7
(301.6-630.2)

17647.1
(13952.4-22634.8)

17801.5
(14096.3-22594.2)

Chile

224.1
(149.3-324.6)

194.7
(124.4-285.8)

9352.9
(7688.3-11699.3)

9122.5
(7401.8-11537.0)

China

297.2
(204.6-431.0)

323.9
(203.8-504.0)

12068.8
(9799.7-14928.1)

17428.9
(13625.2-22177.1)

Colombia

418.5
(294.8-584.7)

363.5
(236.8-541.6)

15029.4
(13492.0-16938.7)

16252.6
(13190.0-20170.6)

Comoros

482.4
(330.8-687.8)

405.1
(268.0-601.2)

19626.3
(15714.5-24696.2)

19247.0
(15308.2-23772.6)

Congo

431.3
(275.9-646.0)

382.1
(233.8-592.0)

20626.7
(16344.3-25937.1)

20281.5
(16074.1-25613.0)

Cook Islands

383.9
(268.9-548.9)

302.5
(201.7-440.9)

13389.3
(11036.8-16514.4)

13000.7
(10618.3-16059.1)

Costa Rica

363.2
(248.2-522.7)

310.5
(203.3-453.3)

14230.0
(11678.7-17703.4)

13999.9
(11323.1-17305.8)

Croatia

157.1
(102.7-230.8)

146.3
(95.2-217.7)

7114.9
(5839.0-8663.0)

6940.4
(5674.9-8483.1)

Cuba

369.9
(254.9-531.0)

321.3
(215.5-471.9)

13963.0
(11436.4-17126.7)

13747.2
(11150.7-17065.1)

Cyprus

170.4
(112.6-249.3)

153.3
(98.6-230.6)

7646.1
(6152.3-9591.7)

7479.9
(5994.9-9347.7)

Czechia

154.1
(102.0-225.8)

141.4
(91.3-210.8)

6920.3
(5698.2-8456.1)

6778.9
(5598.6-8313.7)

Coted’Ivoire

283.5
(184.1-433.7)

408.8
(282.3-584.2)

14974.2
(11641.4-19318.7)

16139.0
(12946.1-20235.5)

Democratic People's Republic of Korea

220.7
(128.1-362.6)

198.4
(109.8-340.0)

13741.0
(10743.7-17755.9)

13582.0
(10463.4-17574.5)

Democratic Republic of the Congo

286.9
(166.3-472.5)

292.7
(170.3-480.7)

19346.0
(15103.6-24950.4)

19250.2
(14992.1-24733.3)

Denmark

168.3
(109.9-247.9)

158.0
(101.5-237.3)

7735.8
(6240.8-9685.5)

7596.5
(6128.9-9462.5)

Djibouti

408.7
(290.8-572.3)

333.5
(233.1-476.0)

12760.1
(10458.0-15471.8)

12389.4
(10001.7-15123.1)

Dominica

303.2
(202.1-443.3)

259.2
(166.3-389.1)

13474.0
(10832.3-16744.6)

12892.5
(10296.9-16186.7)

Dominican Republic

383.7
(264.1-552.6)

321.4
(214.4-467.7)

14203.2
(11644.8-17442.7)

13785.2
(11182.1-16947.1)

Ecuador

376.3
(251.8-550.2)

328.9
(213.1-492.4)

15956.3
(12803.0-19905.9)

15707.2
(12577.4-19727.1)

Egypt

440.9
(310.2-615.1)

418.2
(290.5-593.9)

13563.3
(12105.6-15277.8)

14810.3
(12310.3-18006.2)

El Salvador

498.2
(346.6-694.5)

389.1
(266.0-565.2)

15447.1
(12974.4-18685.1)

15046.4
(12448.0-18383.0)

Equatorial Guinea

705.0
(496.4-973.7)

438.9
(292.5-642.1)

21211.7
(16904.5-26576.7)

19971.1
(15761.8-25274.2)

Eritrea

523.4
(372.0-718.9)

416.8
(296.6-576.4)

13460.6
(11100.8-16213.2)

12985.1
(10722.1-15887.2)

Estonia

174.9
(117.7-255.8)

158.9
(104.2-236.4)

7735.5
(6295.9-9725.7)

7597.8
(6126.2-9590.0)

Eswatini

498.8
(345.5-711.2)

414.1
(275.8-610.6)

19734.0
(15439.9-25175.8)

19228.6
(14872.6-24472.6)

Ethiopia

470.4
(336.8-637.2)

449.9
(321.0-617.8)

13543.6
(11110.5-16593.2)

13611.6
(11122.7-16608.7)

Fiji

394.3
(276.3-558.4)

333.3
(228.7-484.0)

13603.5
(11256.0-16711.5)

13302.0
(10962.3-16433.5)

Finland

167.6
(110.3-244.7)

150.6
(95.5-224.0)

7703.4
(6206.5-9635.6)

7499.2
(6046.2-9312.1)

France

156.5
(104.0-230.4)

144.7
(93.3-218.0)

7295.4
(5783.9-9177.7)

7179.6
(5679.6-9073.3)

Gabon

429.3
(277.7-633.9)

370.7
(227.9-579.4)

20273.2
(16076.8-25782.5)

20017.2
(15701.4-25429.5)

Gambia

441.0
(311.3-612.4)

397.6
(274.0-564.0)

15014.7
(12097.7-18729.5)

14946.1
(12092.6-18629.8)

Georgia

324.2
(224.9-470.2)

294.3
(200.1-429.6)

12775.5
(11403.1-14211.6)

11854.8
(9782.0-14348.8)

Germany

162.2
(106.5-239.2)

149.3
(94.8-224.8)

7651.0
(6112.3-9604.6)

7441.1
(5961.6-9316.0)

Ghana

317.4
(215.3-453.4)

342.2
(233.1-488.6)

12586.0
(10197.2-15702.5)

13210.4
(10856.9-16193.4)

Greece

173.8
(114.8-253.7)

157.9
(101.2-232.8)

7686.6
(6206.6-9549.7)

7571.8
(6080.9-9449.1)

Greenland

139.8
(89.8-207.3)

133.2
(84.7-201.3)

6731.0
(5235.1-8674.4)

6688.9
(5173.2-8651.1)

Grenada

317.6
(215.4-458.7)

262.1
(169.5-391.9)

13510.3
(10911.6-16821.6)

12974.9
(10359.4-16295.6)

Guam

312.5
(208.2-458.2)

284.0
(183.2-420.1)

13074.0
(10711.1-16170.5)

12964.6
(10501.4-16065.4)

Guatemala

508.6
(357.3-711.1)

411.3
(285.7-586.0)

15345.0
(12836.3-18523.4)

14948.6
(12403.1-18370.5)

Guinea

421.9
(297.2-590.6)

423.9
(297.9-591.9)

14672.0
(11706.2-18569.5)

14973.9
(12055.9-18642.2)

Guinea-Bissau

425.6
(294.5-598.7)

417.5
(290.3-590.7)

14803.6
(11912.7-18485.9)

15020.6
(12116.8-18669.9)

Guyana

325.9
(222.1-469.1)

271.2
(177.6-402.0)

13418.0
(10850.9-16590.5)

13158.3
(10561.4-16503.3)

Haiti

377.3
(262.7-537.0)

315.8
(214.6-454.6)

13741.6
(11138.4-17044.3)

13448.9
(10780.1-16823.1)

Honduras

406.3
(281.5-580.9)

336.8
(224.5-492.1)

14665.6
(12076.0-17867.0)

14391.7
(11693.9-17734.6)

Hungary

173.6
(121.6-248.2)

151.8
(102.1-222.1)

6667.3
(5518.5-8163.0)

6522.9
(5396.7-7915.7)

Iceland

169.3
(113.0-248.0)

155.3
(101.8-231.2)

7499.3
(6027.4-9371.4)

7379.0
(5971.3-9237.0)

India

734.7
(527.5-1004.8)

632.2
(421.0-912.8)

19125.8
(16070.4-22994.7)

26333.6
(21116.2-32187.0)

Indonesia

477.0
(335.8-663.3)

399.9
(277.8-573.7)

14787.9
(12181.3-17838.3)

15664.3
(12673.7-19308.2)

Iran
(Islamic Republic of)

528.9
(381.8-728.7)

448.4
(321.1-618.3)

12544.9
(10813.3-14845.1)

12691.5
(10733.0-15108.0)

Iraq

495.9
(353.2-682.3)

378.8
(265.2-534.0)

13838.5
(11613.9-16653.3)

13304.3
(11145.2-16008.3)

Ireland

168.6
(111.1-247.2)

153.3
(98.5-227.9)

7633.5
(6144.1-9506.1)

7483.6
(6058.0-9342.2)

Israel

169.6
(112.7-248.9)

157.3
(101.3-235.3)

7629.6
(6108.5-9512.3)

7521.5
(6049.5-9379.5)

Italy

262.6
(182.1-372.8)

224.8
(152.9-323.6)

9269.5
(7686.7-11397.8)

9030.7
(7416.3-11117.1)

Jamaica

297.2
(195.9-436.6)

260.3
(165.6-391.1)

13283.0
(10726.4-16634.8)

13039.7
(10402.6-16493.2)

Japan

161.7
(101.7-245.2)

154.1
(95.5-238.0)

8463.4
(6585.2-10924.6)

8394.6
(6540.0-10943.1)

Jordan

390.6
(275.1-546.1)

313.2
(212.7-453.2)

13052.2
(10811.9-15897.8)

12627.5
(10392.9-15560.9)

Kazakhstan

314.7
(220.3-451.9)

280.7
(192.7-406.9)

11179.1
(9400.0-13552.0)

10963.7
(9073.4-13298.2)

Kenya

507.6
(362.3-701.0)

404.1
(283.7-566.4)

15481.2
(12658.1-19036.5)

15105.4
(12227.3-18657.7)

Kiribati

367.9
(256.5-523.1)

323.7
(220.4-473.3)

13507.7
(11118.7-16557.4)

13279.3
(10874.4-16434.5)

Kuwait

403.3
(283.3-567.5)

335.2
(230.1-482.1)

13091.7
(10977.2-15760.1)

12881.4
(10652.5-15585.3)

Kyrgyzstan

305.3
(213.2-435.4)

275.4
(190.2-401.4)

11154.3
(9168.2-13624.9)

10962.6
(8943.9-13456.1)

Lao People's Democratic Republic

264.4
(187.9-371.7)

222.8
(152.7-322.4)

8835.2
(7434.0-10611.8)

8548.2
(7133.3-10256.3)

Latvia

258.0
(169.8-378.4)

238.3
(153.7-353.2)

11432.7
(9374.4-14045.0)

11326.4
(9245.6-14075.9)

Lebanon

468.2
(334.0-650.8)

368.4
(260.4-524.7)

12346.3
(11158.1-13688.8)

12616.1
(10623.0-15143.8)

Lesotho

523.0
(359.5-738.7)

443.4
(300.5-652.4)

20100.6
(15644.3-25277.4)

19682.7
(15483.4-24922.0)

Liberia

447.3
(323.6-622.6)

365.8
(251.4-518.9)

14927.3
(12051.0-18675.4)

14544.0
(11644.0-18218.4)

Libya

513.1
(366.8-708.5)

393.8
(278.2-551.3)

13769.1
(11604.0-16472.9)

13353.2
(11131.1-16275.0)

Lithuania

248.7
(167.9-361.9)

227.0
(149.8-337.9)

10596.1
(8699.3-12951.7)

10420.8
(8506.5-12970.1)

Luxembourg

166.5
(109.6-245.3)

151.7
(97.3-226.7)

7658.5
(6132.7-9622.5)

7467.5
(5994.4-9366.1)

Madagascar

332.5
(229.4-473.8)

289.4
(196.4-417.0)

12547.2
(10183.9-15419.5)

12359.8
(9913.6-15318.4)

Malawi

416.9
(303.7-561.5)

323.9
(231.4-446.8)

9230.1
(7895.9-10886.6)

8754.4
(7421.2-10383.6)

Malaysia

408.0
(295.8-546.2)

283.5
(202.8-391.9)

8561.8
(7595.4-9616.8)

7705.1
(6754.8-8827.8)

Maldives

356.0
(253.0-491.8)

263.4
(182.8-383.9)

10563.9
(8938.8-12643.6)

10008.7
(8378.1-12058.0)

Mali

451.8
(326.0-610.1)

443.6
(321.1-611.3)

11474.3
(9437.0-14220.5)

11809.0
(9707.2-14484.7)

Malta

170.8
(112.8-251.6)

155.2
(99.7-232.6)

7657.0
(6143.6-9628.6)

7517.0
(6040.1-9418.0)

Marshall Islands

364.2
(253.3-523.1)

300.2
(201.8-445.7)

13423.4
(11061.2-16517.5)

13089.1
(10660.6-16160.6)

Mauritania

513.4
(348.2-751.7)

441.7
(290.5-659.9)

21168.8
(16899.0-26665.3)

20821.6
(16517.9-26162.1)

Mauritius

357.2
(255.5-502.7)

281.5
(195.9-401.6)

10422.2
(8959.1-12346.7)

9964.8
(8438.8-11889.2)

Mexico

378.2
(269.4-525.3)

328.7
(222.2-479.5)

12060.5
(10053.7-14496.1)

13738.6
(11114.9-16943.8)

Micronesia
(Federated States of)

365.9
(256.2-525.9)

309.1
(206.8-451.8)

13404.9
(11077.3-16554.7)

13124.4
(10668.3-16201.5)

Monaco

161.5
(105.3-240.8)

152.7
(97.8-228.8)

7579.1
(6092.0-9415.4)

7467.2
(6026.2-9245.0)

Mongolia

390.6
(275.8-549.7)

328.3
(229.2-473.3)

11847.4
(9908.0-14315.6)

11594.5
(9646.3-14002.9)

Montenegro

162.0
(104.4-243.5)

154.3
(98.0-230.9)

7707.4
(6303.0-9582.9)

7618.9
(6141.9-9511.1)

Morocco

431.6
(299.4-613.6)

368.0
(247.0-542.1)

16420.5
(13341.0-20439.4)

16204.6
(13229.3-20167.1)

Mozambique

416.7
(296.3-572.6)

393.2
(283.6-542.9)

12619.4
(10214.9-15418.7)

12770.5
(10390.3-15732.9)

Myanmar

530.5
(381.6-708.7)

384.9
(275.4-530.8)

10148.9
(9054.9-11353.9)

9455.4
(8331.1-10852.1)

Namibia

466.8
(323.5-671.6)

385.7
(255.9-568.5)

17938.4
(14212.6-22910.1)

17709.6
(13837.6-22859.3)

Nauru

344.6
(236.3-498.5)

304.8
(203.4-448.8)

13200.6
(10857.4-16272.0)

13138.2
(10682.3-16337.5)

Nepal

552.0
(384.7-780.5)

508.6
(328.2-774.7)

20515.7
(16427.1-25498.4)

25663.6
(21476.5-29336.6)

Netherlands

151.6
(97.4-227.0)

141.4
(88.6-213.3)

7434.0
(5877.4-9371.6)

7306.1
(5846.8-9195.3)

New Zealand

179.1
(113.0-264.9)

167.2
(103.7-253.1)

8894.7
(7037.5-11295.8)

8779.2
(6956.9-11199.8)

Nicaragua

451.2
(316.0-634.5)

362.2
(246.1-521.9)

14894.9
(12377.9-18096.4)

14487.2
(11838.4-17880.8)

Niger

495.4
(341.4-705.9)

553.8
(384.6-797.5)

19999.9
(15790.5-25490.0)

23557.4
(19626.4-27185.7)

Nigeria

561.3
(404.5-780.7)

509.1
(359.6-717.6)

16960.7
(13833.8-21434.8)

16928.3
(13815.7-21337.0)

Niue

336.4
(230.4-489.1)

283.7
(184.9-417.6)

13309.4
(10958.8-16367.7)

12988.0
(10611.5-16174.7)

North Macedonia

172.1
(113.7-254.0)

156.5
(100.6-237.3)

7758.1
(6255.0-9651.9)

7632.7
(6195.4-9480.1)

Northern Mariana Islands

307.0
(205.1-446.1)

280.4
(183.9-420.1)

12962.6
(10527.8-15970.8)

12889.9
(10543.7-15938.9)

Norway

160.8
(101.6-244.5)

155.0
(96.3-235.1)

8231.4
(6586.7-10323.5)

8130.0
(6522.1-10232.4)

Oman

577.4
(410.7-796.8)

524.3
(367.9-737.4)

14743.0
(12623.8-17590.0)

15143.2
(13145.0-17709.9)

Pakistan

629.9
(457.1-854.6)

589.4
(427.1-802.3)

14064.1
(12007.9-16826.1)

13864.5
(11823.2-16697.0)

Palau

323.9
(221.3-467.9)

280.8
(184.1-419.3)

13141.7
(10724.0-16125.7)

12894.5
(10547.6-15991.9)

Palestine

486.3
(348.9-671.6)

363.3
(252.8-515.8)

13956.5
(11739.5-16763.3)

13264.0
(11033.3-16176.6)

Panama

448.2
(309.9-635.1)

369.5
(253.9-534.5)

14789.3
(12255.4-17920.6)

14450.6
(11863.9-17731.4)

Papua New Guinea

453.5
(318.7-636.5)

402.6
(277.5-574.8)

14442.8
(12154.0-17391.9)

14201.2
(11857.5-17285.0)

Paraguay

473.6
(327.3-675.0)

386.8
(252.5-565.6)

17148.5
(14076.6-20906.1)

16764.7
(13645.5-20556.1)

Peru

547.2
(381.3-770.7)

433.7
(292.3-626.5)

17365.2
(14343.6-21352.5)

16888.5
(13796.7-20751.9)

Philippines

491.4
(328.9-717.9)

450.5
(295.9-673.5)

21129.9
(16982.0-26328.7)

20961.0
(16773.9-26115.1)

Poland

175.0
(112.4-264.6)

166.7
(106.6-253.9)

8567.0
(6898.7-10599.8)

8449.1
(6757.4-10597.1)

Portugal

177.7
(119.5-262.4)

157.6
(102.2-236.3)

7739.4
(6244.4-9622.8)

7593.8
(6102.8-9433.2)

Puerto Rico

282.1
(182.5-418.1)

246.5
(153.4-374.3)

13361.1
(10706.3-16612.3)

13093.7
(10408.3-16501.3)

Qatar

464.4
(332.1-644.9)

348.4
(241.7-494.1)

13194.1
(11214.8-15697.7)

12652.9
(10522.6-15191.8)

Republic of Korea

188.8
(125.2-273.5)

159.3
(101.0-242.8)

8222.0
(6560.9-10521.5)

7971.3
(6362.0-10250.6)

Republic of Moldova

316.6
(220.7-455.7)

294.9
(200.2-427.8)

11314.1
(9412.3-13626.7)

11360.7
(9436.5-13800.2)

Romania

173.4
(114.0-257.1)

160.2
(102.9-241.8)

7779.6
(6341.9-9725.7)

7671.6
(6294.9-9490.7)

Russian Federation

340.2
(220.4-508.2)

345.3
(210.9-542.1)

15480.3
(12550.0-19062.3)

18546.0
(14692.7-23360.4)

Rwanda

310.7
(214.0-441.9)

253.9
(167.2-375.8)

12290.8
(9850.8-15326.0)

12015.4
(9548.2-14985.9)

Saint Kitts and Nevis

305.8
(206.5-441.8)

256.6
(164.3-381.0)

13372.6
(10745.8-16629.8)

12941.2
(10358.9-16317.4)

Saint Lucia

304.9
(204.3-447.1)

256.7
(163.0-387.3)

13399.5
(10882.2-16579.4)

12997.6
(10310.2-16375.0)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

313.9
(213.3-459.1)

265.7
(171.9-391.1)

13429.9
(10764.7-16632.1)

12947.1
(10341.2-16180.8)

Samoa

343.4
(234.3-498.7)

298.1
(196.4-440.0)

13320.7
(10885.8-16475.4)

13060.8
(10602.5-16116.0)

San Marino

161.0
(105.8-239.9)

152.7
(97.5-227.0)

7558.5
(6066.7-9455.4)

7470.5
(6025.6-9356.2)

Sao Tome and Principe

469.2
(332.2-660.3)

376.8
(258.6-535.5)

15186.3
(12305.4-19026.4)

14727.2
(11793.0-18447.7)

Saudi Arabia

858.1
(622.3-1141.0)

527.0
(378.6-721.3)

15610.7
(13564.3-18328.2)

14166.8
(12081.3-16874.5)

Senegal

502.3
(363.0-685.4)

408.1
(294.2-575.9)

13895.2
(11253.8-17050.5)

13487.2
(10893.3-16760.5)

Serbia

170.3
(111.1-253.5)

156.2
(101.1-236.3)

7754.0
(6272.8-9707.1)

7640.0
(6164.0-9448.0)

Seychelles

369.5
(265.2-522.3)

294.4
(204.0-419.7)

10921.0
(9287.2-12912.6)

10508.7
(8869.8-12629.0)

Sierra Leone

404.2
(285.9-569.7)

357.4
(247.4-511.6)

14566.0
(11622.9-18321.9)

14315.4
(11463.4-18041.0)

Singapore

200.1
(132.6-295.4)

182.5
(119.3-270.6)

8615.3
(6942.7-10876.7)

8449.3
(6834.8-10735.6)

Slovakia

153.8
(104.8-222.3)

141.1
(93.4-207.3)

6605.3
(5596.2-7650.4)

6231.3
(5124.3-7594.6)

Slovenia

171.4
(108.5-260.8)

163.2
(102.5-250.3)

8792.0
(6983.7-10988.6)

8777.4
(6955.8-10998.9)

Solomon Islands

383.0
(267.3-546.1)

333.0
(227.8-486.4)

13433.3
(11069.7-16529.4)

13268.1
(10911.9-16311.0)

Somalia

334.9
(231.7-468.5)

317.5
(220.2-447.1)

12075.9
(9702.3-15031.7)

12071.5
(9677.7-15051.0)

South Africa

546.2
(349.1-823.3)

500.1
(308.7-778.2)

28907.9
(22879.9-35976.2)

29635.0
(23783.3-36779.8)

South Sudan

493.6
(352.7-676.5)

395.9
(282.1-554.6)

13143.7
(10876.4-15843.0)

12836.6
(10552.1-15630.6)

Spain

287.4
(202.6-406.5)

260.2
(181.0-370.6)

9189.0
(7704.7-11136.8)

9065.0
(7644.0-10859.5)

Sri Lanka

383.1
(271.3-543.1)

315.4
(216.3-457.2)

12093.4
(10360.8-14336.5)

11800.9
(10046.8-14011.8)

Sudan

581.7
(421.5-794.4)

412.8
(293.4-575.6)

13911.1
(11746.0-16724.2)

13163.2
(10952.3-16077.6)

Suriname

363.3
(250.9-520.9)

309.9
(210.2-448.2)

13666.5
(11172.7-16805.3)

13446.1
(10820.3-16570.3)

Sweden

120.1
(72.7-189.3)

118.2
(71.5-187.7)

7301.3
(5619.7-9553.3)

7245.6
(5602.5-9398.8)

Switzerland

158.3
(103.5-234.6)

149.9
(95.5-226.2)

7570.5
(6097.6-9369.8)

7461.5
(6032.2-9374.2)

Syrian Arab Republic

495.2
(359.2-673.0)

374.4
(265.2-522.6)

11476.5
(10444.1-12806.8)

11705.2
(9925.0-13985.3)

Taiwan
(Province of China)

182.6
(97.2-315.0)

174.6
(91.8-307.4)

13238.3
(10229.8-17247.2)

13200.5
(10173.3-17089.7)

Tajikistan

344.3
(240.4-490.7)

314.5
(218.7-454.2)

11638.9
(9680.6-14170.5)

11440.7
(9541.1-13929.0)

Thailand

387.8
(275.5-543.0)

295.4
(202.5-429.9)

11603.1
(9996.7-13634.5)

11004.0
(9359.3-13032.1)

Timor-Leste

623.2
(450.8-837.7)

458.1
(330.3-628.7)

12219.3
(10666.9-14170.3)

11526.1
(10016.5-13413.9)

Togo

384.6
(267.6-545.7)

395.7
(274.6-560.4)

14649.9
(11646.3-18492.7)

14914.2
(12026.3-18616.3)

Tokelau

359.1
(247.2-513.0)

295.7
(194.1-432.8)

13408.9
(11016.8-16535.5)

13063.3
(10660.6-16137.7)

Tonga

281.3
(185.9-418.2)

243.3
(152.6-373.4)

12646.6
(10147.1-15970.8)

12445.5
(9982.5-15634.4)

Trinidad and Tobago

290.3
(190.4-429.7)

246.3
(155.0-376.0)

13250.6
(10653.2-16473.0)

12969.0
(10339.9-16359.9)

Tunisia

460.1
(332.4-634.2)

331.6
(231.7-474.2)

12910.2
(10758.2-15714.6)

12379.5
(10136.6-15132.8)

Turkey

344.5
(242.0-481.3)

300.8
(195.8-452.1)

12509.1
(10562.1-15025.9)

14326.6
(11608.8-17834.2)

Turkmenistan

371.9
(257.3-535.8)

320.2
(220.6-463.0)

12506.7
(10611.6-14873.6)

11965.6
(10013.8-14224.6)

Tuvalu

380.0
(263.9-543.1)

309.6
(208.8-452.5)

13613.1
(11238.1-16777.3)

13155.0
(10773.5-16213.8)

Uganda

272.8
(187.4-387.5)

269.1
(181.6-389.7)

11798.2
(9286.7-14694.3)

12061.0
(9594.5-15010.7)

Ukraine

255.9
(174.6-371.0)

240.8
(161.2-355.0)

10537.0
(8628.0-12854.3)

10407.8
(8522.5-12729.2)

United Arab Emirates

439.9
(312.8-613.2)

335.5
(234.3-481.8)

12784.2
(10823.2-15195.2)

11869.6
(9965.1-14327.7)

United Kingdom

182.3
(118.5-269.2)

169.1
(107.9-253.7)

8522.9
(6901.6-10653.0)

8363.5
(6771.9-10494.9)

United Republic of Tanzania

482.6
(349.0-661.4)

402.2
(289.0-559.8)

13278.2
(10928.8-16135.0)

12895.5
(10561.6-15586.6)

United States of America

133.4
(84.6-202.5)

135.0
(84.3-208.1)

6757.8
(5326.0-8685.9)

7327.3
(5618.2-9675.9)

United States Virgin Islands

288.8
(190.3-425.9)

253.8
(159.2-380.4)

13385.7
(10711.8-16629.8)

13045.8
(10405.1-16388.6)

Uruguay

188.6
(120.1-281.7)

178.1
(110.8-270.7)

9041.3
(7361.3-11376.2)

8919.1
(7164.2-11268.9)

Uzbekistan

336.8
(234.2-481.7)

298.6
(205.3-436.0)

11644.4
(9694.1-14091.9)

11391.0
(9428.5-13851.0)

Vanuatu

299.9
(201.3-440.0)

273.4
(175.6-408.9)

12938.6
(10482.7-15982.6)

12869.2
(10379.9-16089.8)

Venezuela
(Bolivarian Republic of)

387.6
(266.8-554.1)

338.7
(227.9-495.1)

14317.4
(11753.0-17674.6)

14143.6
(11520.3-17540.6)

Viet Nam

396.6
(285.4-540.5)

292.7
(210.5-407.6)

9012.8
(7877.4-10377.9)

8424.8
(7244.7-9947.6)

Yemen

405.8
(289.2-563.0)

408.9
(291.5-566.1)

12878.8
(10630.2-15788.8)

13207.5
(10846.1-16076.2)

Zambia

358.0
(253.7-502.2)

298.5
(206.2-428.8)

11930.0
(9725.3-14539.5)

11627.2
(9395.9-14270.5)

Zimbabwe

433.1
(306.1-606.7)

381.4
(262.9-547.5)

15669.8
(12386.6-20065.7)

15456.4
(12197.7-19839.0)

Supplementary Table 9 ASR DALY Rate for BVI and Specific Diseases in 21 Regions Among Males and Females in 2021

ASR DALY rate

BVI

Cataract

Glaucoma

AMD

 

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Andean Latin America

392.6
(265.3-573.7)

408.2
(273.1-590.8)

96.6
(68.2-131.3)

88.5
(62.9-119.5)

15.7
(10.8-22.1)

12.5
(8.2-17.6)

6.3
(4.4-9.1)

9.3
(6.3-12.7)

Australasia

149.6
(93.6-226.0)

161.8
(100.5-247.4)

19.4
(13.6-26.0)

19.7
(14.0-26.7)

5.3
(3.6-7.6)

4.6
(3.1-6.3)

2.8
(1.8-4.0)

4.5
(2.9-6.4)

Caribbean

267.3
(183.7-387.5)

328.2
(207.6-493.2)

41.7
(29.0-56.9)

43.4
(30.1-59.0)

16.3
(11.0-22.8)

12.2
(8.0-17.2)

1.7
(1.1-2.4)

1.8
(1.2-2.6)

Central Asia

285.4
(196.3-414.4)

300.3
(205.9-433.9)

60.1
(42.2-82.1)

66.9
(46.9-91.0)

14.7
(9.9-20.9)

9.6
(6.5-13.6)

2.8
(1.9-4.0)

6.1
(4.1-8.4)

Central Europe

150.0
(97.5-221.7)

166.9
(105.7-254.7)

19.0
(13.2-26.0)

19.4
(13.7-26.7)

4.4
(3.0-6.1)

3.0
(2.1-4.1)

4.0
(2.7-5.5)

4.1
(2.8-5.7)

Central Latin America

333.3
(227.0-482.4)

354.1
(234.8-519.7)

66.4
(46.8-88.8)

60.5
(42.7-81.3)

13.4
(9.3-18.0)

9.6
(6.6-12.7)

3.8
(2.6-5.2)

3.9
(2.6-5.3)

Central Sub-Saharan Africa

293.2
(176.5-472.2)

351.4
(213.0-565.5)

23.3
(16.3-31.9)

30.0
(20.9-40.8)

15.6
(10.7-21.6)

13.8
(9.6-19.1)

1.7
(1.1-2.3)

2.3
(1.5-3.3)

East Asia

294.9
(183.3-464.0)

340.3
(215.6-529.1)

45.6
(32.6-61.9)

61.0
(44.0-82.3)

5.3
(3.6-7.4)

4.3
(3.0-6.0)

6.1
(4.3-8.5)

7.8
(5.4-10.9)

Eastern Europe

286.7
(179.2-443.5)

330.2
(205.7-510.4)

25.4
(18.0-34.5)

31.1
(21.9-42.5)

8.5
(5.9-11.5)

6.1
(4.2-8.3)

1.7
(1.1-2.3)

2.1
(1.4-2.9)

Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa

346.8
(246.1-479.8)

400.0
(281.5-552.0)

110.5
(79.1-147.3)

134.1
(97.2-178.8)

32.0
(22.3-44.1)

25.3
(17.6-34.7)

9.3
(6.3-13.1)

12.7
(8.3-17.9)

High-income Asia Pacific

151.9
(96.4-229.0)

160.0
(98.8-250.4)

16.8
(11.8-22.9)

17.4
(12.3-23.8)

7.6
(5.2-10.4)

4.9
(3.4-6.7)

1.9
(1.3-2.7)

2.0
(1.3-2.8)

High-income North America

128.1
(80.4-195.6)

139.5
(86.9-217.7)

15.4
(11.0-20.8)

17.5
(12.5-23.4)

5.5
(3.8-7.6)

3.9
(2.7-5.2)

2.1
(1.4-2.8)

2.9
(2.0-4.1)

North Africa and Middle East

356.8
(249.5-503.6)

418.2
(290.1-593.8)

85.6
(60.4-115.5)

112.3
(80.6-149.9)

27.3
(18.5-37.9)

19.4
(13.2-26.7)

12.1
(8.2-16.8)

16.0
(10.9-22.3)

Oceania

353.3
(243.8-510.2)

396.6
(272.6-567.4)

146.8
(105.2-197.5)

175.7
(128.0-233.4)

11.6
(7.7-16.4)

9.7
(6.4-13.7)

2.3
(1.5-3.3)

3.5
(2.2-5.1)

South Asia

563.2
(377.1-807.9)

646.3
(436.7-920.8)

173.7
(126.1-231.1)

212.2
(155.8-280.4)

14.2
(9.9-19.5)

9.6
(6.8-13.1)

8.0
(5.5-11.2)

8.5
(5.9-11.7)

Southeast Asia

336.8
(233.2-483.6)

381.6
(266.8-545.8)

113.6
(81.7-154.4)

145.4
(105.5-195.3)

7.7
(5.2-10.4)

6.4
(4.4-8.8)

5.3
(3.6-7.6)

6.2
(4.2-8.7)

Southern Latin America

192.8
(125.2-284.2)

202.5
(129.1-303.6)

30.2
(21.3-41.5)

30.4
(21.5-41.9)

6.8
(4.7-9.6)

5.3
(3.5-7.3)

3.0
(1.9-4.2)

2.6
(1.7-3.7)

Southern Sub-Saharan Africa

462.8
(294.7-706.4)

485.6
(305.6-746.6)

78.0
(54.5-103.3)

87.2
(61.3-115.6)

31.5
(21.8-43.7)

19.4
(13.4-26.8)

2.6
(1.8-3.7)

3.7
(2.5-5.2)

Tropical Latin America

382.1
(259.8-553.8)

427.3
(282.8-623.7)

64.9
(46.4-86.6)

71.1
(50.6-94.7)

18.2
(12.7-24.9)

13.8
(9.6-18.6)

3.3
(2.3-4.6)

5.3
(3.7-7.3)

Western Europe

162.4
(106.5-236.3)

183.4
(119.8-274.5)

22.4
(15.9-30.8)

26.2
(18.5-36.0)

8.4
(5.8-11.6)

6.4
(4.4-9.0)

6.8
(4.6-9.3)

9.7
(6.5-13.1)

Western Sub-Saharan Africa

423.6
(297.0-596.4)

473.4
(332.0-663.4)

132.0
(95.1-179.3)

167.8
(121.8-225.6)

37.8
(26.0-52.1)

27.8
(19.2-37.9)

12.8
(9.0-17.9)

16.4
(11.6-22.7)

Supplementary Table 10 ASR DALY Rate for BVI and Specific Diseases globally Among Males and Females in 2021

Sex Name

ASR_1990

ASR_2019

ASR_2021

Both

342.01 (237.87-482.17)

342.67 (225.31-503.65)

342.78 (224.21-503.61)

Female

354.94 (245.57-504.92)

363.63 (238.76-535.63)

363.56 (237.52-533.39)

Male

329.47 (228.62-463.42)

320.39 (210.48-468.53)

320.54 (209.71-471.8)

Supplementary Table 11 SDI Values and Corresponding Age-Standardized DALY Rates in 21 Regions

 

 

ASR DALY rate

 

SDI

BVI

Cataract

Glaucoma

AMD

Andean Latin America

0.652

400.2
(269.3-580.7)

92.5
(65.5-125.3)

32.5
(22.4-44.5)

7.9
(5.5-11.0)

Australasia

0.846

156.0
(96.9-237.3)

19.6
(13.8-26.3)

28.3
(19.7-39.0)

3.7
(2.4-5.2)

Caribbean

0.642

298.2
(197.8-437.7)

42.7
(29.7-58.2)

23.8
(16.5-33.0)

1.8
(1.2-2.5)

Central Asia

0.675

294.1
(201.8-427.4)

64.2
(45.1-87.1)

23.3
(15.9-32.3)

4.8
(3.3-6.7)

Central Europe

0.796

159.2
(101.9-240.1)

19.3
(13.6-26.4)

15.7
(10.8-21.1)

4.0
(2.8-5.6)

Central Latin America

0.641

343.8
(230.4-503.6)

63.2
(44.5-84.7)

14.5
(10.0-19.9)

3.8
(2.6-5.3)

Central Sub-Saharan Africa

0.472

324.0
(195.5-519.0)

27.2
(19.0-37.1)

14.1
(9.3-19.6)

2.0
(1.4-2.9)

East Asia

0.726

318.9
(200.4-497.2)

54.3
(39.0-73.4)

14.0
(9.5-19.5)

7.0
(4.9-9.7)

Eastern Europe

0.803

312.4
(194.3-483.0)

29.2
(20.6-39.9)

11.8
(8.2-16.1)

1.9
(1.3-2.7)

Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa

0.410

374.8
(263.8-519.0)

123.1
(88.9-163.6)

11.5
(7.7-16.3)

11.1
(7.4-15.8)

High-income Asia Pacific

0.877

156.0
(97.1-239.0)

17.2
(12.1-23.5)

11.3
(7.9-15.1)

2.0
(1.3-2.8)

High-income North America

0.863

134.1
(83.8-206.9)

16.6
(11.8-22.3)

10.7
(7.0-15.1)

2.6
(1.8-3.5)

North Africa and Middle East

0.658

386.8
(270.5-545.8)

98.9
(70.5-132.3)

7.2
(5.0-10.2)

14.0
(9.6-19.6)

Oceania

0.467

374.5
(257.0-538.1)

161.1
(116.5-215.9)

7.0
(4.7-9.5)

2.9
(1.9-4.1)

South Asia

0.558

605.3
(407.0-862.3)

193.7
(141.6-256.3)

6.9
(4.8-9.3)

8.2
(5.7-11.5)

Southeast Asia

0.650

361.6
(252.3-517.7)

131.7
(95.2-177.6)

6.0
(4.1-8.2)

5.8
(3.9-8.3)

Southern Latin America

0.736

198.2
(127.4-292.5)

30.5
(21.6-41.6)

5.9
(4.0-8.2)

2.8
(1.8-3.9)

Southern Sub-Saharan Africa

0.642

473.9
(299.4-723.0)

83.7
(59.1-111.3)

4.9
(3.3-6.8)

3.3
(2.2-4.6)

Tropical Latin America

0.652

405.4
(271.5-592.2)

68.6
(48.9-91.9)

4.8
(3.3-6.6)

4.4
(3.1-6.1)

Western Europe

0.849

174.1
(114.4-257.1)

24.6
(17.4-33.6)

4.6
(3.2-6.3)

8.5
(5.7-11.3)

Western Sub-Saharan Africa

0.446

449.8
(315.5-631.6)

151.0
(109.1-204.0)

3.5
(2.4-4.9)

14.7
(10.4-20.6)

SDI, Socio-Demographic Index; AMD, Age-related macular degeneration; BVI, Blindness and vision loss; ASR, age-standardized; DALY, disability-adjusted life years.

Supplementary Table 12 SDI Values and Corresponding Age-Standardized DALY Rates in 204 Countries and Territories

 

 

ASR DALY rate

 

SDI

BVI

Cataract

Glaucoma

AMD

Afghanistan

0.343

522.6
(379.1-722.0)

196.3
(142.0-262.1)

34.2
(22.5-48.2)

19.9
(13.4-28.4)

Albania

0.681

164.2
(106.3-242.4)

20.1
(14.0-27.8)

4.3
(2.9-6.0)

4.4
(3.0-6.1)

Algeria

0.652

385.7
(271.3-540.4)

110.5
(77.7-148.5)

23.5
(15.8-33.0)

13.2
(9.0-18.8)

American Samoa

0.712

277.8
(179.5-409.3)

88.7
(64.4-119.7)

8.0
(5.4-11.1)

2.8
(1.8-4.1)

Andorra

0.894

151.4
(97.0-224.9)

18.7
(13.0-25.6)

5.2
(3.5-7.5)

6.7
(4.5-9.2)

Angola

0.47

399.9
(252.5-613.4)

49.2
(34.1-67.0)

21.1
(14.3-30.1)

2.9
(1.9-4.0)

Antigua and Barbuda

0.743

253.4
(160.8-381.6)

32.1
(22.8-43.4)

10.3
(6.9-14.4)

1.4
(0.9-2.0)

Argentina

0.708

201.7
(129.6-299.1)

27.8
(19.3-37.6)

6.0
(4.1-8.3)

3.0
(1.9-4.1)

Armenia

0.689

285.2
(193.4-419.2)

59.7
(41.1-82.3)

10.2
(6.9-14.4)

4.4
(2.9-6.1)

Australia

0.839

153.8
(95.8-234.6)

19.4
(13.5-26.1)

4.8
(3.3-6.7)

3.6
(2.4-5.2)

Austria

0.849

153.7
(99.1-229.7)

19.1
(13.3-26.2)

5.4
(3.7-7.7)

7.0
(4.7-9.4)

Azerbaijan

0.683

294.6
(202.0-428.7)

62.2
(43.5-85.6)

11.3
(7.6-15.9)

4.6
(3.1-6.5)

Bahamas

0.796

255.2
(161.3-386.7)

32.2
(22.4-43.7)

10.6
(7.1-15.2)

1.5
(1.0-2.1)

Bahrain

0.751

349.7
(243.4-495.3)

95.8
(67.6-129.5)

18.4
(12.5-25.4)

11.5
(7.9-16.2)

Bangladesh

0.483

426.4
(296.4-602.9)

167.2
(120.2-225.3)

8.0
(5.5-11.3)

6.5
(4.5-9.1)

Barbados

0.742

180.7
(103.7-298.9)

15.2
(10.6-20.6)

4.8
(3.3-6.6)

0.5
(0.3-0.8)

Belarus

0.745

231.7
(151.4-341.8)

31.8
(22.4-42.9)

5.0
(3.4-7.0)

1.8
(1.2-2.6)

Belgium

0.851

154.7
(101.1-231.3)

19.2
(13.5-26.4)

5.6
(3.7-7.9)

7.1
(4.7-9.7)

Belize

0.603

273.3
(178.4-403.5)

38.1
(26.7-51.8)

13.5
(8.8-19.3)

1.6
(1.0-2.3)

Benin

0.352

433.7
(305.8-612.1)

126.1
(90.6-168.7)

32.1
(21.4-43.9)

13.5
(9.4-18.8)

Bermuda

0.813

247.7
(154.6-373.7)

29.2
(20.7-39.8)

8.3
(5.7-11.7)

1.3
(0.8-1.8)

Bhutan

0.455

311.0
(202.0-467.1)

48.8
(34.5-65.2)

6.1
(4.2-8.3)

3.6
(2.4-5.0)

Bolivia
(Plurinational State of)

0.566

405.1
(273.8-588.8)

98.6
(69.4-134.2)

15.7
(10.5-22.2)

5.5
(3.7-7.7)

Bosnia and Herzegovina

0.718

210.7
(125.9-339.2)

18.8
(13.0-26.1)

3.8
(2.5-5.3)

4.0
(2.7-5.6)

Botswana

0.634

416.6
(277.5-612.6)

68.9
(49.0-92.8)

38.3
(25.9-54.4)

2.2
(1.3-3.3)

Brazil

0.64

405.8
(271.9-592.8)

68.7
(48.9-91.9)

15.8
(10.9-21.2)

4.5
(3.2-6.1)

Brunei Darussalam

0.823

159.0
(101.4-240.1)

18.5
(13.0-25.5)

7.5
(5.1-10.5)

2.2
(1.5-3.1)

Bulgaria

0.764

152.4
(96.8-232.1)

11.9
(8.0-16.4)

2.7
(1.8-3.7)

3.4
(2.2-4.8)

Burkina Faso

0.257

341.7
(245.3-472.6)

104.5
(74.7-141.5)

30.2
(19.9-43.5)

7.8
(5.2-11.2)

Burundi

0.284

226.4
(148.6-338.2)

31.7
(22.4-42.5)

17.4
(12.0-24.1)

5.4
(3.5-7.8)

Cabo Verde

0.525

317.0
(212.3-469.0)

83.2
(58.9-111.7)

18.4
(12.3-25.6)

10.2
(7.0-14.6)

Cambodia

0.469

431.7
(311.6-605.5)

199.3
(144.7-266.7)

7.8
(5.1-11.0)

5.4
(3.6-7.9)

Cameroon

0.49

325.3
(220.1-475.8)

70.8
(50.0-94.6)

25.0
(17.2-35.1)

9.9
(6.9-14.0)

Canada

0.873

126.3
(78.5-194.4)

16.3
(11.6-22.2)

4.4
(3.0-6.1)

2.4
(1.6-3.4)

Central African Republic

0.274

326.6
(204.2-519.2)

39.2
(26.9-53.2)

16.4
(11.0-22.9)

1.8
(1.1-2.5)

Chad

0.238

442.7
(301.6-630.2)

112.1
(80.1-151.9)

35.5
(23.7-49.6)

10.6
(7.5-15.0)

Chile

0.759

194.7
(124.4-285.8)

40.6
(28.9-55.8)

5.8
(3.9-8.0)

2.3
(1.5-3.3)

China

0.686

323.9
(203.8-504.0)

55.9
(40.2-75.5)

4.9
(3.3-6.9)

7.2
(5.0-10.0)

Colombia

0.633

363.5
(236.8-541.6)

56.7
(39.7-77.6)

10.9
(7.4-15.1)

3.6
(2.4-5.1)

Comoros

0.455

405.1
(268.0-601.2)

82.6
(57.6-112.6)

25.5
(17.2-36.0)

10.1
(6.8-14.7)

Congo

0.568

382.1
(233.8-592.0)

40.1
(27.7-54.6)

16.5
(11.5-22.7)

2.7
(1.8-3.7)

Cook Islands

0.764

302.5
(201.7-440.9)

102.4
(73.5-138.2)

12.0
(7.9-17.0)

4.2
(2.6-6.0)

Costa Rica

0.68

310.5
(203.3-453.3)

63.1
(45.1-86.6)

9.5
(6.4-13.2)

2.5
(1.6-3.5)

Coted'Ivoire

0.408

146.3
(95.2-217.7)

18.0
(12.7-25.1)

3.2
(2.3-4.4)

3.8
(2.5-5.3)

Croatia

0.794

321.3
(215.5-471.9)

50.7
(35.2-69.4)

15.3
(10.2-21.4)

1.9
(1.2-2.7)

Cuba

0.668

153.3
(98.6-230.6)

19.1
(13.4-26.0)

5.5
(3.7-7.7)

6.8
(4.6-9.3)

Cyprus

0.841

141.4
(91.3-210.8)

17.4
(12.0-24.2)

3.0
(2.0-4.1)

3.6
(2.4-5.0)

Czechia

0.828

408.8
(282.3-584.2)

103.1
(73.2-138.6)

29.1
(19.6-40.7)

11.3
(7.8-15.7)

Democratic People's Republic of Korea

0.558

198.4
(109.8-340.0)

18.0
(12.0-26.9)

1.6
(1.1-2.3)

2.0
(1.3-3.0)

Democratic Republic of the Congo

0.382

292.7
(170.3-480.7)

17.3
(12.0-24.0)

12.1
(8.4-16.4)

1.7
(1.2-2.5)

Denmark

0.89

158.0
(101.5-237.3)

20.6
(14.1-29.5)

5.2
(3.6-7.2)

5.0
(3.3-6.9)

Djibouti

0.459

333.5
(233.1-476.0)

83.6
(59.5-112.8)

26.4
(17.8-37.0)

9.9
(6.6-14.2)

Dominica

0.729

259.2
(166.3-389.1)

34.2
(23.7-47.1)

11.6
(7.7-16.1)

1.5
(1.0-2.2)

Dominican Republic

0.592

321.4
(214.4-467.7)

37.8
(26.1-51.7)

15.6
(10.6-21.8)

2.2
(1.4-3.3)

Ecuador

0.64

328.9
(213.1-492.4)

64.1
(45.8-88.4)

10.0
(6.8-14.0)

2.3
(1.5-3.2)

Egypt

0.658

418.2
(290.5-593.9)

118.4
(83.2-159.7)

23.5
(15.5-32.6)

13.9
(9.6-19.7)

El Salvador

0.573

389.1
(266.0-565.2)

56.3
(38.8-76.7)

13.5
(9.3-18.2)

5.0
(3.3-7.0)

Equatorial Guinea

0.685

438.9
(292.5-642.1)

108.2
(75.0-145.5)

18.3
(12.0-25.8)

2.7
(1.7-3.8)

Eritrea

0.396

416.8
(296.6-576.4)

94.0
(65.9-127.9)

29.0
(19.7-40.8)

10.3
(6.8-14.4)

Estonia

0.835

158.9
(104.2-236.4)

21.5
(14.7-29.6)

3.1
(2.1-4.3)

1.2
(0.8-1.8)

Eswatini

0.577

414.1
(275.8-610.6)

85.5
(59.9-114.2)

27.4
(18.6-39.0)

2.8
(1.8-3.9)

Ethiopia

0.343

449.9
(321.0-617.8)

222.5
(158.2-294.2)

36.8
(25.3-51.8)

12.8
(8.6-18.1)

Fiji

0.664

333.3
(228.7-484.0)

124.3
(89.6-168.3)

12.8
(8.4-18.1)

4.3
(2.8-6.4)

Finland

0.856

150.6
(95.5-224.0)

16.9
(11.9-23.4)

5.9
(4.0-8.5)

7.1
(4.7-9.6)

France

0.834

144.7
(93.3-218.0)

19.9
(13.9-27.6)

4.7
(3.3-6.5)

6.3
(4.2-8.5)

Gabon

0.656

370.7
(227.9-579.4)

37.2
(25.2-50.5)

16.5
(11.3-23.0)

2.5
(1.6-3.6)

Gambia

0.399

397.6
(274.0-564.0)

144.1
(103.6-194.1)

17.8
(11.7-25.3)

9.4
(6.6-13.2)

Georgia

0.702

294.3
(200.1-429.6)

60.6
(42.5-82.8)

10.4
(7.0-14.7)

4.6
(3.1-6.4)

Germany

0.898

149.3
(94.8-224.8)

18.4
(12.7-25.6)

4.8
(3.3-6.8)

6.4
(4.2-8.8)

Ghana

0.557

342.2
(233.1-488.6)

85.2
(60.8-116.8)

18.2
(12.6-24.5)

11.2
(7.7-15.7)

Greece

0.794

157.9
(101.2-232.8)

20.7
(14.4-28.9)

5.6
(3.8-8.1)

6.9
(4.6-9.8)

Greenland

0.761

133.2
(84.7-201.3)

18.2
(12.5-24.6)

6.1
(4.2-8.6)

3.2
(2.1-4.4)

Grenada

0.669

262.1
(169.5-391.9)

35.5
(24.7-48.0)

11.6
(7.9-16.5)

1.5
(1.0-2.1)

Guam

0.813

284.0
(183.2-420.1)

90.6
(65.6-124.0)

8.1
(5.4-11.4)

3.1
(2.0-4.6)

Guatemala

0.526

411.3
(285.7-586.0)

68.5
(47.5-93.9)

13.1
(9.1-17.9)

4.4
(2.8-6.1)

Guinea

0.325

423.9
(297.9-591.9)

115.0
(82.0-154.7)

34.4
(22.9-48.3)

12.0
(8.3-16.6)

Guinea-Bissau

0.355

417.5
(290.3-590.7)

74.8
(52.3-102.0)

29.6
(19.9-41.7)

14.2
(9.9-20.2)

Guyana

0.618

271.2
(177.6-402.0)

37.9
(26.6-52.2)

13.7
(9.2-19.3)

1.6
(1.0-2.3)

Haiti

0.432

315.8
(214.6-454.6)

53.1
(36.8-71.9)

20.3
(13.5-29.1)

1.9
(1.3-2.7)

Honduras

0.496

336.8
(224.5-492.1)

40.0
(27.7-55.0)

12.8
(8.6-17.6)

4.2
(2.8-6.0)

Hungary

0.791

151.8
(102.1-222.1)

29.0
(20.7-40.1)

4.9
(3.4-6.9)

5.0
(3.3-6.8)

Iceland

0.869

155.3
(101.8-231.2)

19.3
(12.8-27.5)

6.2
(4.1-9.0)

11.8
(7.8-16.2)

India

0.566

632.2
(421.0-912.8)

187.8
(137.6-248.7)

12.2
(8.5-16.6)

7.9
(5.4-11.1)

Indonesia

0.66

399.9
(277.8-573.7)

163.2
(119.2-217.7)

7.7
(5.3-10.7)

5.3
(3.2-8.0)

Iran
(Islamic Republic of)

0.67

448.4
(321.1-618.3)

90.8
(65.2-121.8)

36.6
(25.6-50.3)

25.0
(17.2-34.9)

Iraq

0.671

378.8
(265.2-534.0)

110.0
(78.9-148.7)

22.7
(15.1-31.7)

13.2
(9.1-18.4)

Ireland

0.867

153.3
(98.5-227.9)

19.1
(13.3-25.9)

5.3
(3.6-7.6)

6.9
(4.6-9.4)

Israel

0.803

157.3
(101.3-235.3)

19.7
(13.9-27.4)

6.2
(4.2-8.7)

7.4
(5.0-10.0)

Italy

0.801

224.8
(152.9-323.6)

39.6
(28.4-54.1)

13.9
(9.5-19.3)

13.1
(8.7-18.1)

Jamaica

0.684

260.3
(165.6-391.1)

34.2
(23.8-46.5)

11.5
(7.8-16.3)

1.5
(0.9-2.1)

Japan

0.87

154.1
(95.5-238.0)

16.6
(11.8-22.6)

5.9
(4.1-8.1)

1.9
(1.3-2.7)

Jordan

0.731

313.2
(212.7-453.2)

47.8
(33.2-65.0)

19.0
(12.8-26.4)

12.6
(8.4-18.3)

Kazakhstan

0.723

280.7
(192.7-406.9)

59.6
(42.0-81.3)

9.9
(6.8-13.9)

4.6
(3.1-6.4)

Kenya

0.508

404.1
(283.7-566.4)

127.7
(92.5-170.6)

24.5
(16.9-33.6)

15.4
(9.9-22.1)

Kiribati

0.527

323.7
(220.4-473.3)

118.8
(85.8-158.8)

12.7
(8.2-17.9)

3.9
(2.5-5.7)

Kuwait

0.851

335.2
(230.1-482.1)

90.0
(63.6-122.8)

16.8
(11.5-23.4)

10.8
(7.3-14.9)

Kyrgyzstan

0.596

275.4
(190.2-401.4)

61.5
(43.9-82.9)

13.8
(9.3-19.4)

7.7
(5.3-11.0)

Lao People's Democratic Republic

0.49

222.8
(152.7-322.4)

40.9
(28.7-56.8)

5.4
(3.6-7.7)

4.7
(3.1-6.6)

Latvia

0.82

238.3
(153.7-353.2)

31.1
(21.7-42.6)

4.9
(3.4-6.9)

1.8
(1.2-2.6)

Lebanon

0.708

368.4
(260.4-524.7)

111.2
(79.8-151.2)

17.9
(11.9-24.8)

12.9
(8.6-18.2)

Lesotho

0.507

443.4
(300.5-652.4)

98.2
(68.8-131.9)

31.3
(20.6-44.0)

3.0
(1.9-4.4)

Liberia

0.37

365.8
(251.4-518.9)

94.3
(66.8-125.9)

27.8
(18.5-38.6)

9.9
(6.9-13.8)

Libya

0.709

393.8
(278.2-551.3)

120.5
(85.7-161.3)

32.4
(21.8-45.1)

10.1
(6.8-14.2)

Lithuania

0.843

227.0
(149.8-337.9)

30.6
(21.7-41.9)

4.8
(3.3-6.9)

1.8
(1.1-2.6)

Luxembourg

0.895

151.7
(97.3-226.7)

18.8
(13.1-25.4)

5.0
(3.4-7.2)

6.6
(4.4-9.2)

Madagascar

0.396

289.4
(196.4-417.0)

46.0
(32.0-62.8)

22.2
(15.3-30.1)

6.6
(4.4-9.4)

Malawi

0.384

323.9
(231.4-446.8)

78.8
(55.7-105.8)

29.2
(19.6-40.5)

11.8
(7.7-16.9)

Malaysia

0.737

283.5
(202.8-391.9)

133.1
(95.5-179.1)

5.6
(3.8-8.0)

10.8
(7.4-15.6)

Maldives

0.562

263.4
(182.8-383.9)

38.3
(26.4-52.8)

6.9
(4.7-9.6)

6.5
(4.4-9.3)

Mali

0.263

443.6
(321.1-611.3)

161.6
(117.3-218.0)

34.9
(24.1-48.8)

8.2
(5.5-11.9)

Malta

0.801

155.2
(99.7-232.6)

19.4
(13.4-26.8)

5.8
(3.9-8.2)

7.0
(4.6-9.5)

Marshall Islands

0.544

300.2
(201.8-445.7)

103.3
(74.0-139.8)

10.8
(7.2-15.4)

3.2
(2.1-4.7)

Mauritania

0.496

441.7
(290.5-659.9)

94.9
(67.1-129.8)

26.1
(17.6-36.9)

10.9
(7.6-15.6)

Mauritius

0.705

281.5
(195.9-401.6)

91.2
(64.2-123.4)

5.9
(4.0-8.1)

5.9
(4.0-8.5)

Mexico

0.649

328.7
(222.2-479.5)

69.4
(49.5-93.9)

11.2
(7.8-14.8)

4.1
(2.8-5.6)

Micronesia
(Federated States of)

0.58

309.1
(206.8-451.8)

108.9
(78.3-146.9)

11.3
(7.2-16.1)

3.6
(2.3-5.4)

Monaco

0.902

152.7
(97.8-228.8)

19.0
(13.1-26.6)

5.3
(3.5-7.5)

6.9
(4.6-9.4)

Mongolia

0.606

328.3
(229.2-473.3)

43.2
(29.3-59.2)

15.7
(10.7-22.4)

4.0
(2.6-5.7)

Montenegro

0.791

154.3
(98.0-230.9)

18.3
(12.6-25.3)

3.4
(2.3-4.8)

3.9
(2.6-5.4)

Morocco

0.548

368.0
(247.0-542.1)

101.3
(72.9-136.1)

17.5
(12.1-24.0)

8.6
(5.7-12.1)

Mozambique

0.307

393.2
(283.6-542.9)

95.7
(68.4-126.4)

24.8
(17.1-33.8)

13.5
(8.9-19.1)

Myanmar

0.521

384.9
(275.4-530.8)

194.7
(139.3-263.9)

10.4
(6.6-14.6)

4.8
(3.2-6.9)

Namibia

0.612

385.7
(255.9-568.5)

79.2
(55.7-106.2)

25.8
(17.2-36.7)

2.6
(1.7-3.8)

Nauru

0.618

304.8
(203.4-448.8)

105.4
(76.0-141.2)

10.8
(7.1-15.4)

3.6
(2.3-5.2)

Nepal

0.422

508.6
(328.2-774.7)

95.8
(67.9-130.6)

6.9
(4.8-9.6)

20.3
(13.8-29.6)

Netherlands

0.883

141.4
(88.6-213.3)

14.9
(10.2-20.7)

4.8
(3.2-6.8)

5.8
(3.9-8.0)

New Zealand

0.84

167.2
(103.7-253.1)

20.9
(15.1-28.5)

5.3
(3.7-7.4)

4.2
(2.8-5.8)

Nicaragua

0.517

362.2
(246.1-521.9)

64.5
(44.9-87.8)

12.8
(8.5-17.8)

3.8
(2.6-5.3)

Niger

0.162

553.8
(384.6-797.5)

135.4
(96.1-184.0)

41.8
(27.0-58.5)

12.3
(8.5-17.3)

Nigeria

0.515

509.1
(359.6-717.6)

206.6
(150.8-277.6)

36.4
(25.4-50.2)

19.6
(13.9-27.6)

Niue

0.711

283.7
(184.9-417.6)

92.7
(66.6-125.9)

8.3
(5.5-11.7)

3.0
(1.9-4.4)

North Macedonia

0.744

156.5
(100.6-237.3)

18.7
(12.9-25.6)

3.8
(2.5-5.4)

4.0
(2.7-5.6)

Northern Mariana Islands

0.771

280.4
(183.9-420.1)

88.9
(63.8-122.5)

8.1
(5.3-11.6)

3.0
(1.9-4.4)

Norway

0.913

155.0
(96.3-235.1)

17.0
(11.9-23.5)

4.7
(3.3-6.6)

6.3
(4.3-8.5)

Oman

0.783

524.3
(367.9-737.4)

186.6
(133.4-251.8)

21.9
(14.9-30.7)

17.9
(12.0-25.4)

Pakistan

0.449

589.4
(427.1-802.3)

308.4
(226.0-406.8)

13.4
(9.4-18.6)

11.7
(8.2-16.3)

Palau

0.738

280.8
(184.1-419.3)

90.3
(65.0-122.4)

8.6
(5.7-12.0)

3.0
(1.9-4.3)

Palestine

0.588

363.3
(252.8-515.8)

130.1
(93.5-174.3)

16.5
(11.0-23.0)

9.4
(6.5-13.1)

Panama

0.686

369.5
(253.9-534.5)

93.9
(67.3-125.1)

10.8
(7.3-15.1)

3.7
(2.4-5.3)

Papua New Guinea

0.394

402.6
(277.5-574.8)

185.7
(133.8-247.7)

10.4
(6.9-14.7)

2.5
(1.6-3.6)

Paraguay

0.638

386.8
(252.5-565.6)

65.0
(45.3-87.2)

13.9
(9.6-19.0)

2.9
(1.9-4.1)

Peru

0.648

433.7
(292.3-626.5)

104.3
(73.5-141.4)

15.5
(10.5-21.8)

11.4
(7.8-15.9)

Philippines

0.623

450.5
(295.9-673.5)

122.9
(89.0-165.8)

9.1
(6.3-12.6)

7.1
(4.9-10.0)

Poland

0.802

166.7
(106.6-253.9)

19.1
(13.6-26.5)

3.3
(2.3-4.5)

4.0
(2.7-5.5)

Portugal

0.743

157.6
(102.2-236.3)

19.8
(13.6-27.4)

6.2
(4.2-8.7)

7.2
(4.8-10.0)

Puerto Rico

0.814

246.5
(153.4-374.3)

28.7
(20.2-39.3)

8.3
(5.7-11.6)

1.3
(0.8-1.8)

Qatar

0.83

348.4
(241.7-494.1)

92.1
(65.5-125.0)

24.3
(16.4-34.1)

9.7
(6.6-13.7)

Republic of Korea

0.878

159.3
(101.0-242.8)

18.6
(13.1-25.5)

6.4
(4.4-8.9)

2.2
(1.4-3.1)

Republic of Moldova

0.696

294.9
(200.2-427.8)

60.1
(42.3-82.1)

5.7
(4.0-7.7)

3.1
(2.2-4.3)

Romania

0.76

160.2
(102.9-241.8)

19.4
(13.3-26.9)

3.9
(2.6-5.6)

4.3
(2.9-6.0)

Russian Federation

0.805

345.3
(210.9-542.1)

26.4
(18.6-35.9)

7.5
(5.2-10.1)

1.9
(1.2-2.6)

Rwanda

0.429

253.9
(167.2-375.8)

30.8
(20.9-41.9)

18.1
(12.6-24.7)

7.3
(4.9-10.4)

Saint Kitts and Nevis

0.746

256.6
(164.3-381.0)

33.2
(23.5-45.6)

11.0
(7.3-15.6)

1.5
(1.0-2.1)

Saint Lucia

0.67

256.7
(163.0-387.3)

33.6
(23.6-45.9)

11.3
(7.5-16.0)

1.4
(1.0-2.0)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

0.627

265.7
(171.9-391.1)

36.4
(25.4-49.4)

12.7
(8.4-17.8)

1.5
(1.0-2.1)

Samoa

0.641

298.1
(196.4-440.0)

100.8
(72.8-134.9)

10.0
(6.6-14.3)

3.3
(2.1-4.9)

San Marino

0.884

152.7
(97.5-227.0)

18.9
(13.2-26.2)

5.4
(3.7-7.6)

6.8
(4.5-9.4)

Sao Tome and Principe

0.502

376.8
(258.6-535.5)

96.5
(69.1-131.7)

25.9
(17.3-35.8)

11.0
(7.8-15.4)

Saudi Arabia

0.805

527.0
(378.6-721.3)

182.8
(132.6-245.4)

28.6
(19.1-40.5)

19.2
(13.1-26.8)

Senegal

0.389

408.1
(294.2-575.9)

74.1
(51.5-100.8)

28.9
(19.5-39.4)

10.7
(7.3-15.1)

Serbia

0.767

156.2
(101.1-236.3)

18.6
(12.8-26.0)

3.5
(2.4-4.9)

4.0
(2.6-5.6)

Seychelles

0.724

294.4
(204.0-419.7)

93.4
(66.8-127.2)

6.2
(4.2-8.5)

6.2
(4.2-8.7)

Sierra Leone

0.347

357.4
(247.4-511.6)

57.8
(39.5-78.4)

30.4
(20.5-43.0)

7.3
(5.0-10.3)

Singapore

0.861

182.5
(119.3-270.6)

22.8
(15.9-31.1)

7.8
(5.3-10.9)

2.6
(1.6-3.7)

Slovakia

0.812

141.1
(93.4-207.3)

18.5
(12.8-25.4)

3.5
(2.4-5.0)

4.1
(2.8-5.8)

Slovenia

0.84

163.2
(102.5-250.3)

17.5
(12.6-24.4)

2.9
(2.0-4.1)

3.6
(2.5-5.1)

Solomon Islands

0.407

333.0
(227.8-486.4)

124.9
(91.0-168.0)

13.9
(9.2-19.4)

3.7
(2.4-5.5)

Somalia

0.081

317.5
(220.2-447.1)

89.2
(63.1-119.8)

29.4
(19.7-42.1)

8.0
(5.2-11.8)

South Africa

0.678

500.1
(308.7-778.2)

82.0
(57.9-108.6)

23.6
(16.3-32.7)

3.4
(2.3-4.8)

South Sudan

0.363

395.9
(282.1-554.6)

196.8
(140.3-262.5)

18.8
(12.0-26.9)

5.6
(3.7-8.2)

Spain

0.767

260.2
(181.0-370.6)

43.2
(30.4-59.5)

12.7
(8.7-17.7)

14.8
(10.0-19.9)

Sri Lanka

0.69

315.4
(216.3-457.2)

99.6
(71.2-136.2)

5.1
(3.6-7.1)

5.7
(4.0-7.9)

Sudan

0.515

412.8
(293.4-575.6)

87.1
(61.4-117.8)

28.0
(18.5-38.5)

12.1
(8.1-17.5)

Suriname

0.636

309.9
(210.2-448.2)

60.3
(42.8-79.8)

16.0
(10.9-21.9)

3.0
(2.1-4.2)

Sweden

0.872

118.2
(71.5-187.7)

12.6
(8.8-17.5)

2.7
(1.8-3.8)

3.7
(2.5-5.1)

Switzerland

0.929

149.9
(95.5-226.2)

18.4
(12.7-25.6)

4.8
(3.2-6.8)

6.5
(4.4-8.8)

Syrian Arab Republic

0.619

374.4
(265.2-522.6)

112.7
(79.9-150.4)

24.2
(16.5-33.8)

13.4
(8.9-18.6)

Taiwan
(Province of China)

0.868

174.6
(91.8-307.4)

9.6
(5.8-14.7)

0.6
(0.4-0.9)

1.1
(0.6-1.7)

Tajikistan

0.539

314.5
(218.7-454.2)

69.4
(49.3-94.2)

15.1
(10.2-21.3)

4.9
(3.3-6.9)

Thailand

0.687

295.4
(202.5-429.9)

98.5
(68.2-136.8)

4.3
(3.0-6.2)

4.2
(2.7-6.1)

Timor-Leste

0.514

458.1
(330.3-628.7)

102.0
(71.9-135.7)

15.0
(10.1-21.2)

14.8
(10.3-20.4)

Togo

0.417

395.7
(274.6-560.4)

105.6
(74.9-142.0)

27.6
(18.4-38.8)

11.5
(8.0-16.1)

Tokelau

0.626

295.7
(194.1-432.8)

99.6
(71.9-133.8)

9.7
(6.4-14.0)

3.2
(2.1-4.8)

Tonga

0.636

243.3
(152.6-373.4)

59.7
(42.8-80.2)

8.7
(5.7-12.1)

2.9
(1.9-4.1)

Trinidad and Tobago

0.757

246.3
(155.0-376.0)

29.1
(20.3-39.3)

9.7
(6.7-13.6)

1.3
(0.9-1.8)

Tunisia

0.672

331.6
(231.7-474.2)

91.0
(64.9-121.6)

21.2
(14.1-29.8)

11.7
(7.8-16.6)

Turkey

0.748

300.8
(195.8-452.1)

65.4
(46.6-89.8)

13.7
(9.2-19.6)

8.0
(5.4-11.3)

Turkmenistan

0.67

320.2
(220.6-463.0)

110.3
(78.2-152.6)

8.4
(5.7-12.1)

3.5
(2.3-5.0)

Tuvalu

0.589

309.6
(208.8-452.5)

108.1
(77.8-145.9)

11.0
(7.3-15.6)

3.5
(2.3-5.3)

Uganda

0.404

269.1
(181.6-389.7)

50.5
(35.4-68.4)

19.9
(14.0-27.3)

6.0
(4.1-8.5)

Ukraine

0.736

240.8
(161.2-355.0)

35.0
(24.8-47.3)

5.9
(4.0-8.0)

2.1
(1.4-3.0)

United Arab Emirates

0.88

335.5
(234.3-481.8)

88.2
(62.5-120.0)

21.0
(14.5-29.9)

11.6
(7.8-16.6)

United Kingdom

0.847

169.1
(107.9-253.7)

19.6
(13.7-27.0)

5.5
(3.9-7.6)

7.6
(5.2-10.2)

United Republic of Tanzania

0.423

402.2
(289.0-559.8)

94.2
(66.8-127.3)

31.1
(21.3-43.2)

12.7
(8.4-17.9)

United States of America

0.859

135.0
(84.3-208.1)

16.7
(11.8-22.3)

4.6
(3.2-6.3)

2.6
(1.8-3.6)

United States Virgin Islands

0.799

253.8
(159.2-380.4)

31.0
(21.9-42.0)

9.8
(6.5-13.7)

1.4
(0.9-2.0)

Uruguay

0.697

178.1
(110.8-270.7)

12.5
(8.6-17.3)

5.6
(3.8-7.7)

3.0
(1.9-4.2)

Uzbekistan

0.631

298.6
(205.3-436.0)

64.2
(45.2-87.1)

12.4
(8.3-17.7)

4.8
(3.2-6.7)

Vanuatu

0.485

273.4
(175.6-408.9)

87.0
(63.0-118.4)

8.3
(5.5-11.8)

3.1
(2.0-4.6)

Venezuela
(Bolivarian Republic of)

0.607

338.7
(227.9-495.1)

49.7
(34.1-67.8)

11.3
(7.8-15.7)

3.3
(2.2-4.6)

Viet Nam

0.617

292.7
(210.5-407.6)

89.3
(64.9-121.1)

6.6
(4.6-9.0)

7.3
(5.1-10.2)

Yemen

0.412

408.9
(291.5-566.1)

120.3
(85.0-161.0)

21.8
(14.8-30.9)

14.1
(9.8-19.8)

Zambia

0.505

298.5
(206.2-428.8)

76.0
(53.5-102.2)

24.4
(16.5-34.1)

6.1
(4.0-8.6)

Zimbabwe

0.476

381.4
(262.9-547.5)

98.1
(68.5-131.3)

20.2
(13.7-27.6)

2.5
(1.7-3.5)

SDI, Socio-Demographic Index; AMD, Age-related macular degeneration; BVI, Blindness and vision loss; ASR, age-standardized; DALY, disability-adjusted life years.

基金

1、This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82000901, 82171084).

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