次级晶状体纤维细胞到达皮质区的一定深度触发细胞器降解,但具体因素仍不明确。有研究[14]表明:晶状体内的低氧环境可能是细胞器降解的一个触发因素。由于成熟晶状体缺乏血液供应,处于低氧环境,房水中的氧气被动扩散,从而导致晶状体内形成从表面到核心逐渐下降的氧气浓度梯度。此外,Brennan等[15]在鸡晶状体外植体中发现低氧可使HIF1a(hypoxia-inducible-factor 1a)表达上调,进而通过影响BNIP3L(BCL2 interacting protein 3-like)的转录来调控晶状体纤维细胞非核细胞器降解。在低氧环境下,除了HIF1a表达上调,未折叠蛋白反应(unfolded protein response,UPR)也会被激活,Yang等[16-17]在年龄相关性、高度近视并发核性白内障及先天性白内障患者的晶状体中发现UPR的激活,但UPR是否参与细胞器降解还有待进一步研究。除了低氧环境的影响,有学者认为晶状体中离子的梯度分布可能与细胞器降解有关,已有研究[18]证明水通道蛋白AQP0 –/–(Aquaporin 0)小鼠,由于影响晶状体中钙离子及其他反射介质的梯度分布,破坏了晶状体内稳态导致白内障发生。除了氧气和Ca2+外,成熟晶状体中可扩散性的营养物质及代谢产物在晶状体内也是呈梯度分布的,如pH、乳酸等[19]。但这些物质的不均匀分布是否参与了晶状体细胞器降解也有待进一步探索。
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