眼科医生/麻醉医生可根据手术需要选择单独使用一种局部麻醉药或联合用药。成年患者内眼手术推荐单次注射2%利多卡因复合0.75%布比卡因或0.5%罗哌卡因3~5 mL (生理盐水稀释)。为了改善阻滞效果,可在局部麻醉药中加入佐剂,如加入结缔组织多聚糖的水解酶透明质酸酶3~7 U/mL,加强局部麻醉药在肌锥内间隙的扩散[12];也可加用右美托咪定[13],增加阻滞时间和麻醉效果。局部麻醉药中加入少量肾上腺素有助于延缓局部麻醉药的吸收,从而延长局部麻醉药的作用时间,同时还可以收缩血管,减少出血,提供清晰的手术野。对于高龄或合并高血压、甲状腺功能亢进的患者,不建议加用肾上腺素,因肾上腺素会诱发心率、血压的剧烈波动,甚至可能引起致命性心律失常。另外,加用肾上腺素后会增加视网膜缺血的风险[14]。眼科医生/麻醉医生应根据患者的实际病情合理安排用药及配伍方法(表1)。
表1 局部麻醉药种类及最大推荐剂量
Table 1 Types of local anesthetics and maximum recommended dosage
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