(A,B) Endoscopic views of the right side of nasal cavity; (C,D) Exposure of the opening of the right nasolacrimal duct on the later wall of inferior meatus; (E) The projection of the nasolacrimal duct and lacrimal sac on the lateral nasal wall (Yellow dash line). 1: inferior turbinate; 2: inferior meatus; 3: middle turbinate; 4: nasal septum; 5: uncinate process; 6: nasal mound; 7: opening of nasolacrimal duct; 8: Hasner valve; 9: frontal process of maxilla.
图2 鼻内镜下显露鼻泪管-泪囊
Figure 2 Exposure of nasolacrimal duct and lacrimal sac under nasal endoscopy
(A-C) An arc-shaped longitudinal incision was made on the lateral wall of the right nasal cavity, starting from the attachment point of theanterior end of the middle turbinate, forward and upward to the level above the nasal mound, and then turning forward and downward to the front of the anterior end of the inferior turbinate. Then elevator was used to separate the mucosal flap from the bony surface, and the head of the bony inferior turbinate was seen. (D-F) The connection of the mucosal flap at the axilla of the inferior turbinate was separated, and the opening of the nasolacrimal duct was located. Then the anterior part of the bony inferior turbinate was removed in front of the opening of the nasolacrimal duct, and the bony lateral nasal wall on the surface of the nasolacrimal duct was removed upward. (G-I) After the nasolacrimal duct was exposed, the bone of the frontal process of maxilla was removed upward with the nasolacrimal duct as a landmark, and then the medial wall of the lacrimal sac was exposed. The nasolacrimal duct was freed from the bottom up. ( J-L) After dissecting the connecting tissue around the membranous part of nasolacrimal duct, the nasolacrimal duct and lacrimal sac were fully freed. 1: middle turbinate; 2: mucosal flap on the nasal lateral wall; 3: nasal septum; 4: lateral nasal branch of anterior ethmoidal artery; 5: bony lateral nasal wall; 6: the inferior meatus opening of the bony part of nasolacrimal duct; 7: membrane part of nasolacrimal duct; 8: The inner bony wall of lacrimal sac; 9: lacrimal sac.
(A-D) After dissecting the connection between the opening of the right nasolacrimal duct and the mucosa of the inferior meatus, the membranous part of the nasolacrimal duct was lifted from the bony canal from the bottom up. The lateral part of the upper lacrimal sac was revealed. Then the lacrimal sac and the medial orbital tissue was separated from anteriorly to posteriorly, and finally the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct were resected completely. (E) Endoscopic views showing structures of the lacrimal fossa, the bony part of nasolacrimal duct after removal of nasolacrimal duct and lacrimal sac. (F) Reposition of the mucosal flap on the nasal lateral wall. 1: bony part of nasolacrimal duct; 2: membrane part of nasolacrimal duct; 3: lacrimal sac; 4: lacrimal fossa; 5: mucosal flap on the nasal lateral wall.
图4 骨性鼻泪管(A)和膜性鼻泪管及泪囊(B)的测量
Figure 4 Measurement of the bony part of nasolacrimal duct (A) and the membrane part of nasolacrimal duct and the lacrimal sac (B)
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