血管内皮生长因子中和蛋白治疗NVAMD:脉络膜新生血管消退先于黄斑萎缩
关键词
摘要
全文
文章亮点
1. 关键发现
• 既往的研究中已经提出了接受抗血管内皮生长因子 (vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF) 注射的患者发生黄斑萎缩的若干危险因素,包括视网膜血管瘤样增生 (retinal angiomatous proliferation, RAP)、视网膜下出血、视网膜下纤维化和脉络膜新生血管 (choroidal neovascularization, CNV) 的消退。本队列研究揭示了一项重要发现:纤维血管性色素上皮脱离 (pigment epithelial detachment, PED) 的塌陷常常先于黄斑萎缩的发生,这提示在某些情况下,CNV 可能有助于维持其上方的视网膜色素上皮 (retinal pigmented epithelial, RPE) 层和光感受器。2. 已知与发现
• 对患有新生血管性年龄相关性黄斑变性 (neovascular age-related macular degeneration, NVAMD) 的患者,从接受抗血管内皮生长因子 (anti-VEGF) 治疗起始阶段开始,直至整个治疗过程,应对每一幅光学相干断层扫描图像均进行详细检查,以识别在黄斑萎缩实际发生的确切位置之前出现的结构变化。3. 意义与改变
• 目前尚不清楚 VEGF 的抑制是否会促使 CNV 消退及萎缩;然而,这正是未来研究的一个重要方向。未来治疗的目标是消除 CNV 的渗漏和纤维化,同时促进其存活,以维持对其上方的 RPE 层和光感受器的氧气及营养供给。年龄相关性黄斑变性(age-related macular degeneration, AMD)是一种非常普遍的导致视力丧失的原因,已得到广泛研究,但其发病机制尚不清楚 [1-2]。 AMD 的关键特征包括玻璃膜疣(可呈现多种形态的视网膜下沉积物)、布鲁赫膜增厚、视网膜色素上皮(retinal pigmented epithelial, RPE)细胞和光感受器死亡导致的黄斑区萎缩灶,以及脉络膜新生血管(choroidal neovascularization, CNV)的偶发形成 [3]。未出现 CNV 的 AMD 患者被归类为非新生血管性 AMD(non-neovascular age-related macular degeneration, NNVAMD),而出现 CNV 的患者则被归类为新生血管性 AMD(neovascular AMD, NVAMD)。
1 对象与方法
1.1 研究对象
1.2 研究流程
2 结果
2.1 患者人口统计学和基线特征
2.2 黄斑萎缩的发展
表 1 发生萎缩的新生血管性年龄相关性黄斑变性患者频域光学相干断层扫描显示的解剖学改变
Table 1 Anatomic changes on spectral domain optical coherence tomography in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration who developed atrophy
|
|
萎缩患者(n=47) |
|
萎缩发生时间/月,中位数(IQR) |
29.6(17.7-43.4) |
|
萎缩的原因,n |
|
|
血管化PED→萎缩 |
25 |
|
SRHRM/SR纤维化→萎缩 |
15 |
|
玻璃膜疣→萎缩 |
13 |
|
a.网状假性玻璃膜疣,n/n(%) |
3/13(23.1) |
|
b.典型玻璃膜疣,n/n(%) |
10/13(76.9) |
|
出现萎缩的患者来源于: |
|
|
单因素 |
41(87.2) |
|
多因素 |
6(12.8) |
|
a.血管化PED→萎缩和玻璃膜疣→萎缩,n/n(%) |
5/6(83.3) |
|
b.血管化PED→萎缩和玻璃膜疣→萎缩,n/n(%) |
1/6(16.7) |
|
血管化PED萎陷后CNV活性降低,n/n(%) |
15/25(60.0) |
图 1 最后一次注射抗VEGF药物43个月后,血管性色素上皮脱离消退继发黄斑萎缩
Figure 1 Development of macular atrophy following collapse of a vascularized pigment epithelial detachment 43 months after the last anti-VEGF injection

Infrared (IR) images and horizontal spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) scans through the fovea from subject 8 who developed subfoveal atrophy from regression of vascularized pigment epithelial detachment. Top left corner shows follow-up visits in months (M) and top right corner shows Snellen visual acuity. Injection symbols (red: aflibercept) show the visits at which anti-VEGF injection was administered. Line graph shows baseline, peak and final visual acuity in letters.
图 2 抗VEGF治疗期间血管性色素上皮脱离消退后萎缩的快速发展
Figure 2 Rapid development of atrophy after collapse of a vascularized pigment epithelial detachment during anti-VEGF treatment

First and second columns show IR images and horizontal SD-OCT scans through sections 23 and 15 respectively from subject 43. Top left corner shows follow-up visits in months (M) and top right corner shows Snellen visual acuity. Injection symbols (blue: ranibizumab, red: aflibercept) show the visits at which anti-VEGF injection was administered. Line graph shows baseline, peak and final visual acuity in letters.
图 3 血管化色素上皮脱离塌陷后出现黄斑萎缩、部分复发而后消退的情况
Figure 3 Macular atrophy after collapse of a vascularized pigment epithelial detachment, partial recurrence, and then resolution

IR images and horizontal SD-OCT scans through the fovea from subject 29 who developed subfoveal atrophy in the region of vascularized pigment epithelial detachment collapse. Top left corner shows follow-up visits in months (M) and top right corner shows Snellen visual acuity. Injection symbols (red: aflibercept) show the visits at which anti-VEGF injection was administered. Line graph shows baseline, peak and final visual acuity in letters.
图 4 抗VEGF注射间隔延长期间视网膜下纤维化继发黄斑萎缩
Figure 4 Macular atrophy after development of subretinal fibrosis during infrequent anti-VEGF injections

IR images and horizontal SD-OCT scans through the fovea from subject 5 who developed subretinal fibrosis and subsequent severe retinal thinning during a period of infrequent anti-VEGF injections (Category 2). Top left corner shows follow-up visits in months (M) and top right corner shows Snellen visual acuity. Injection symbols (blue: ranibizumab) show the visits at which anti-VEGF injection was administered. Line graph shows baseline, peak and final visual acuity in letters.
2.3 视力结果
根据最终视力将参与者分为三类:>20/50 为视力结局良好,20/63~20/160 为结局中等,<20/200 为结局低下。这种视力先升后降的模式在三组中均存在,主要差异在于初始提升后发生的视力丧失程度不同(附图4)。
3 讨论
基于对 GA 患者、早期 AMD 患者及无 AMD 患者的死后眼球组织病理学进行比较研究,提出假说:GA 的发生源于脉络膜毛细血管的缺失,从而导致黄斑区缺血性损伤 [25]。组织病理学研究进一步提示,在某些情况下,CNV 可能是机体为代偿脉络膜毛细血管丧失而产生的适应性反应。近期一项临床-病理相关研究证实:一例患者在生前长达9年期间,虽经荧光血管造影及 OCT 确诊存在 1 型 CNV,但视力仍维持良好状态,最终尸检证实其存在非渗出性 1 型 CNV [26]。在中央浅层 RPE 脱离区域内,新生血管的毛细血管网与偏心区域的脉络膜毛细血管层表现相似,但偏心区域脉络膜毛细血管层的毛细血管密度高于新生血管下方的脉络膜毛细血管层。作者假设,黄斑下方脉络膜毛细血管层缺失所导致的缺氧状态,刺激了 1 型 CNV 的生长,而 1 型 CNV 则补偿并维持了黄斑的结构和功能。这一假设也得到了伴有 GA 的 1 型 CNV 分布图研究的支持,该研究表明,覆盖有 1 型 CNV 的区域,萎缩进展程度有所减轻 [27]。
利益冲突
Adrienne W. Scott 声明,在本研究开展期间及提交内容之外,其曾担任 Novartis 和 Allergan, Inc 两家公司的科学顾问委员会成员。
开放获取声明
补充材料
方法
定义统计学分析
附表 1 发生黄斑萎缩的新生血管性年龄相关性黄斑变性(nAMD) 患者确诊时的基线人口统计学特征和解剖学特征
Supplemental Table 1 Baseline demographic and anatomic characteristics at time of neovascular age-related macular degeneration diagnosis in patients who developed atrophy
|
|
萎缩患者(n=47) |
|
基线人口统计学特征 |
|
|
年龄(yrs),平均值±SEM |
80.8±1.0 |
|
女性,n(%) |
34(72.3) |
|
种族,n(%) 白人 |
47(100) |
|
随访持续时间/月,中位数(IQR) |
57.5(47.4-73.4) |
|
基线视力 (Snellen),n(%) |
|
|
20/50 或 更好 |
28(59.6) |
|
20/63~20/160 |
18(38.3) |
|
20/200 或更差 |
1(2.1) |
|
基线解剖学特性 |
|
|
对侧眼, n (%) |
19(40.4) |
|
萎缩 |
15(31.9) |
|
视网膜下纤维化 |
|
|
研究眼, n (%) |
|
|
视网膜内囊肿 |
38(80.9) |
|
视网膜下液 |
32(68.1) |
|
网状假性玻璃膜疣 |
21 (44.7) |
|
视网膜内色素迁移 |
35(74.5) |
|
视网膜下高反射物质 |
24(51.1) |
VA: 视力;SEM:均值标准误;mos:月;IQR:四分位数间距;SR:视网膜下;SRHRM:视网膜下高反射物质。
VA: visual acuity; SEM: standard error of mean; mos: months;
IQR: interquartile range; SR: subretinal; SRHRM: subretinal hyperreflective material.
附表 2 发生黄斑萎缩的新生血管性年龄相关性黄斑变性患者的功能转归
Supplemental Table 2 Functional outcomes in neovascular agerelated macular degeneration patients who developed atrophy
连续变量以中位数(四分位距,IQR)描述。
*指接受白内障手术后视力提高3行的患者。
**在9例非黄斑中心凹萎缩且视力下降的患者中,5例存在黄斑下纤维化,其余4例视力下降的原因分别为:具有临床意义的白内障;尽管接受了抗VEGF注射治疗,但黄斑中心凹仍存在持续性视网膜内囊样空间;尽管接受了抗VEGF注射治疗,但旁黄斑中心凹区域仍受累(可与上述情况同时存在);前弹力层营养不良继发角膜水肿,以及累及黄斑中心凹的视网膜下出血。
***这些患者采用“治疗-延长”方案或频繁地按需治疗方案进行治疗。
Continuous variables are described as median (IQR).
*Patient who gained 3 lines of visual acuity after undergoing cataract surgery.
**Five of the nine patients with non-foveal atrophy who had loss of VA had subfoveal fibrosis, rest of the four patients had loss of VA from visually significant cataract, persistent intraretinal cystoid spaces involving the fovea despite treatment with anti-VEGF injections, combination of persistent intraretinal cystoid spaces involving the parafoveal region despite treatment with anti-VEGF injections and corneal edema from anterior basement membrane dystrophy, and subretinal hemorrhage involving the fovea.
***patients being treated with treat-and-extend or frequent PRN regimen.
附图 1 本研究分析的新生血管性年龄相关性黄斑变性患者流程图
Supplemental Figure 1 Flow diagram of patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration analyzed in the study

VEGF:血管内皮生长因子;
SRH:视网膜下出血;
DA:视盘区域;
SD-OCT:频域光学相干断层扫描;
IR:红外线成像。
NVAMD: neovascular age-related macular degeneration;
VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor;
SRH: subretinal hemorrhage;
DA: disc area;
SD-OCT: spectral domain optical coherence tomography;
IR: infrared.
附图 2 具有地图样萎缩典型特征的黄斑萎缩进展过程
Supplemental Figure 2 Development of macular atrophy with features and course typical of geographic atrophy

Infrared (IR) images and horizontal spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) scans through the fovea from subject 41 who developed non-fovea involving atrophy from prior reticular pseudodrusen. Top left corner shows follow-up visits in months (M) and top right corner shows Snellen visual acuity. Injection symbols (blue: ranibizumab, red: aflibercept) show the visits at which anti-VEGF injection was administered. Line graph shows baseline, peak and final visual acuity in letters.
附图 3 单次抗VEGF注射后纤维血管性色素上皮脱离塌陷,数月后进展为典型地图样萎缩模式的黄斑萎缩
Supplemental Figure 3 Collapse of fibrovascular pigment epithelial detachments after a single anti-VEGF injection followed by macular atrophy many months later in a pattern consistent with typical geographic atrophy

线图显示基线视力、最佳视力及最终视力的字母数。
IR images and horizontal SD-OCT scans through the fovea from subject 4 who had pigment epithelial detachments that collapsed after a single anti-VEGF injection. At month 14, hypopigmented areas nasally and inferior to the fovea were observed and showed progressive dropout of RPE and photoreceptors on subsequent scans. The area of atrophy gradually expanded and surrounded the fovea in a pattern typical of geographic atrophy, but it is uncertain whether the prior PED collapse played any role. Top left corner shows follow-up visits in months (M) and top right corner shows Snellen visual acuity. Injection symbols (blue: ranibizumab) show the visits at which anti-VEGF injection was administered. Line graph shows baseline, peak and final visual acuity in letters.
附图 4 接受玻璃体内注射血管内皮生长因子中和蛋白治疗且出现萎缩的新生血管性年龄相关性黄斑变性患者的视力转归
Supplemental Figure 4 Visual outcomes in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration treated with intravitreous injections of a vascular endothelial growth factor neutralizing protein who developed atrophy

(A) Line graphs show baseline, peak and final visual acuity for 17 patients who had a good final visual outcome (visual acuity ≥ 20/50); (B) Line graphs show baseline, peak and final visual acuity for 16 patients who had a moderate final visual outcome (visual acuity between 20/63 and 20/160); (C) Line graphs show baseline, peak and final visual acuity for 14 patients who had a poor final visual outcome (visual acuity ≤ 20/200).
基金
This work was supported by an unrestricted grant from Research to Prevent Blindness, New York, NY.
参考文献
施引文献
血管内皮生长因子中和蛋白治疗NVAMD:脉络膜新生血管消退先于黄斑萎缩[J]. 眼科学报, 2025, 40(9): 683-699. DOI: 10.12419/25070310.