The prevention and control of myopia has become a national strategy, and the axial length is an important parameter in the documentation of myopia prevention and control. This review summarized the measurement technology and factors associated with axial length. Axial length can be measured in various ways and can be influenced by age, gender, choroidal thickness, and other factors. A standardized definition of axial length is warranted to be established for clinical and scientific purposes.
VanderVeen DK, Kraker RT, Pineles SL, et al. Use of orthokeratology for the prevention of myopic progression in children: a report by the American academy of ophthalmology[ J]. Ophthalmology, 2019, 126(4): 623-636.
Shum PJ, Ko LS, Ng CL, et al. A biometric study of ocular changes during accommodation[ J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 1993, 115(1): 76-81.
Chakraborty R, Read SA, Collins MJ. Diurnal variations in axial length, choroidal thickness, intraocular pressure, and ocular biometrics[ J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2011, 52(8): 5121-5129.
Chakraborty R, Read SA, Collins MJ. Hyperopic defocus and diurnal changes in human choroid and axial length[ J]. Optom Vis Sci, 2013, 90(11): 1187-1198.
Lee SW, Yu SY, Seo KH, et al. Diurnal variation in choroidal thickness in relation to sex, axial length, and baseline choroidal thickness in healthy Korean subjects[ J]. Retina, 2014, 34(2): 385-393.
Moderiano D, Do M, Hobbs S, et al. Influence of the time of day on axial length and choroidal thickness changes to hyperopic and myopic defocus in human eyes[ J]. Exp Eye Res, 2019, 182(1): 125-136.
Flores-Moreno I, Lugo F, Duker JS, et al. The relationship between axial length and choroidal thickness in eyes with high myopia[ J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2013, 155(2): 314-319.e1.
Harb E, Hyman L, Gwiazda J, et al. Choroidal thickness profiles in myopic eyes of young adults in the correction of myopia evaluation trial cohort[ J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2015, 160(1): 62-71.e2.
Yin G, Wang YX , Zheng ZY, et al. Ocular axial length and its associations in Chinese: the Beijing Eye Study[ J]. PLoS One, 2012, 7(8): e43172.
Bach A, Villegas VM, Gold AS, et al. Axial length development in children[ J]. Int J Ophthalmol, 2019, 12(5): 815-819.
Jasvinder S, Khang TF, Sarinder KK, et al. Agreement analysis of LENSTAR with other techniques of biometry[ J]. Eye (Lond), 2011, 25(6): 717-724.
Chia A , Lu QS, Tan D. Five-year clinical trial on atropine for the treatment of myopia 2: myopia control with atropine 0.01%
eyedrops[ J]. Ophthalmology, 2016, 123(2): 391-399.
Shih KC, Chan TC, Ng AL, et al. Use of atropine for prevention of childhood myopia progression in clinical practice[ J]. Eye Contact Lens, 2016, 42(1): 16-23.
Shajari M, Cremonese C, Petermann K, et al. Comparison of axial length, corneal curvature, and anterior chamber depth measurements of 2 recently introduced devices to a known biometer[ J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2017, 178(1): 58-64.
Ademola-Popoola DS, Nzeh DA, Saka SE, et al. Comparison of ocular biometry measurements by applanation and immersion A-scan techniques[ J]. J Curr Ophthalmol, 2016, 27(1): 110-114.
Trivedi RH, Wilson ME. Axial length measurements by contact and immersion techniques in pediatric eyes with cataract[ J].
Ophthalmology, 2011, 118(3): 498-502.
Ohno-Matsui K , Jonas JB. Posterior staphyloma in pathologic myopia[ J]. Prog Retin Eye Res, 2019, 70(1): 99-109.
Lau JK, Wan K, Cheung SW, et al. Weekly changes in axial length and choroidal thickness in children during and following orthokeratology treatment with different compression factors[ J]. Transl Vis Sci Technol, 2019, 8(4): 9.
Wolffsohn JS, Kollbaum PS, Berntsen DA, et al. IMI - clinical myopia control trials and instrumentation report. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2019, 60(3): M132-M160.
Wildsoet CF, Chia A, Cho P, et al. IMI - interventions myopia institute: interventions for controlling myopia onset and progression report[ J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2019, 60(3): M106-M131.
Yam JC, Jiang Y, Tang SM, et al. Low-concentration atropine for myopia progression (LAMP) study: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of 0.05%, 0.025%, and 0.01% atropine eye drops in myopia control[ J]. Ophthalmology, 2019, 126(1): 113-124.
Flitcroft DI, He M, Jonas JB, et al. IMI - defining and classifying myopia: a proposed set of standards for clinical and epidemiologic studies[ J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2019, 60(3): M20-M30.
Wang SK, Guo Y, Liao C, et al. Incidence of and factors associated with myopia and high myopia in Chinese children, based on refraction without cycloplegia[ J]. JAMA Ophthalmol, 2018, 136(9): 1017-1024.
Holden BA, Fricke TR, Wilson DA, et al. Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050[ J].Ophthalmology, 2016, 123(5): 1036-42.